Unit 1 quizzes 3-7 Flashcards
Positive feedback is when the response is corrective and restores the variable to its set point.
Answer Options:
True
False
False
Scientists were studying the effects of vitamins on pregnant women. Who would be best for the control group?
Answer Options:
Pregnant women
Non-pregnant women
Men
Pre-teen girls
Non-pregnant women
If you were studying the effects of biotin (vitamin B7) on hair growth, the dependent variable would be the amount of biotin each test group received.
Answer Options:
True
False
False
Match the controlled experiment component with its description:
Components:
Control
Sample size
Variable
Descriptions:
Number of individuals in a study group
A factor that can change
The group that does not receive a treatment; used as a baseline
Number of individuals in a study group
Correct Matches:
Control: The group that does not receive a treatment; used as baseline
Sample size: Number of individuals in a study group
Variable: A factor that can change
Cellular communication occurs in the flow of information between cells, but sometimes that information signals the same cell that released the information. This information (substance) is called _______.
Answer Options:
Neurotransmitter
Paracrine
Autocrine
Hormone
Autocrine
Which of the following are CORRECT matches between homeostatic feedback loop component and description? (Mark all that apply)
Options:
Control center: where the body variable is found to change (e.g., increase or decrease)
Response: action performed by an effector
Stimulus: organ under control of integrator
Receptor: sensory cells/tissues that detect changes outside set point or normal range
Control center: where the body variable is found to change (e.g., increase or decrease)
Response: action performed by an effector
Receptor: sensory cells/tissues that detect changes outside set point or normal range
Which of the following is NOT a major physiological theme?
Homeostasis maintains internal variation
Bodies are highly organized
Bodies rely on a flow of information
Living organisms need energy
Homeostasis maintains internal variation
In response to a decrease in blood glucose, alpha cells in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas secrete the peptide hormone glucagon. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stores of glycogen into glucose, thus increasing blood glucose levels. The effector in this homeostatic system is the _______.
Answer Options:
Glucagon
Liver
Pancreas
Glucose
Liver
In response to a decrease in blood glucose, alpha cells in the pancreatic islets of the pancreas secrete the peptide hormone glucagon. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stores of glycogen into glucose, thus increasing blood glucose levels. The sensor in this homeostatic system is the _______.
Answer Options:
Glucagon
Blood
Alpha cells
Liver
Alpha cells
Interstitial fluid is the fluid inside your body that is outside of your cells.
True
False
True
Unsaturated fatty acids have no double bonds in the carbon chain and are solids at room temperature, while saturated fatty acids have double bonds and are liquid at room temperature.
True
False
False
Which of the following are INCORRECT matches between term and definition? (Mark all that apply)
1) monomer - subunit that can have different versions, as in nucleotides, that make up polymers
2) functional group - a specific combination of atoms that react in the same way regardless of the carbon skeleton they are bonded to
3) polymer - molecule constructed of different types of subunits called compounds, such as glycerol and fatty acids that make up fat
4) hydrocarbon - organic molecules made up of only C and O, which makes them polar
5) carbon skeleton - the carbon chain in an organic molecule, which accounts for the shape of the molecule
3) polymer - molecule constructed of different types of subunits called compounds, such as glycerol and fatty acids that make up fat
4) hydrocarbon - organic molecules made up of only C and O, which makes them polar
ATP is a modified RNA nucleotide and is a high energy molecule that can easily break bonds between phosphates.
True
False
True
RNA is a polymer of nucleotides that aids in transcribing and translating DNA into a protein.
True
False
True
Fats and oils provide long-term energy storage and are made up of two subunits: glycerol and fatty acids.
True
False
True
Lipids are insoluble in water, energy rich, not made up of monomers, and include all of the following EXCEPT
1) steroids and waxes
2) fats and oils
3) phospholipids
4) cellulose and peptidoglycan
5) glucose
6) nucleotides and amino acids
4) cellulose and peptidoglycan
5) glucose
6) nucleotides and amino acids
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides, include DNA and RNA and have 3 parts; phosphate, sugar, nitrogen-containing base.
True
False
True
Which of the following is NOT true about DNA?
1) stores information for its own replication
2) aids in transcribing and translating RNA into a protein
3) genetic material
codes for the order of amino acids in 4) a protein
2) aids in transcribing and translating RNA into a protein
Which of the following is NOT true about steroids?
1) includes cholesterol, which is found in animal cell membranes and is the starting material for other lipids, such as the sex hormones
2) includes Vitamin A
3) made up of four fused rings
4) includes cortisol
includes Vitamin A
Carbohydrates include:
- _________ - the simple sugars that are single sugar molecules made up of a 5 or 6 carbon ring
- _________ - made up of two simple sugars
- _________ - polymers of many simple sugars, also called complex carbohydrates
a) disaccharide; polysaccharide; monosaccharide
b) monosaccharide; disaccharide; polysaccharide
c) polysaccharide; monosaccharide; disaccharide
d) monosaccharide; polysaccharide; disaccharide
b) monosaccharide; disaccharide; polysaccharide
Which of the following are CORRECT matches between term and definition? (Mark all that apply)
1) organelles - structures that carry out various metabolic activities
2) cytoplasm - the liquid portion of the cell
3) cytosol - liquid portion of cell containing water, ions, nutrients, etc.
4) inclusions - permanent structures that are the site of protein synthesis
1) organelles - structures that carry out various metabolic activities
3) cytosol - liquid portion of cell containing water, ions, nutrients, etc.
Which of the following is INCORRECT about phospholipids in the plasma membrane?
prevent cell from dissolving in aqueous solutions
nonpolar phosphate heads are hydrophilic
nonpolar lipid tails are hydrophobic
found as a bilayer
nonpolar phosphate heads are hydrophilic
The ______ endoplasmic reticulum has fixed ribosomes and modifies protein shape, while the ______ has no ribosomes, synthesizes lipids, and detoxifies drugs and poisons.
rough; glossy
bumpy; smooth
smooth; rough
rough; smooth
rough; smooth
Which of the following is a selectively permeable barrier that is found in all cells?
ribosomes
nucleus
cytoplasm
plasma membrane
plasma membrane
Mitochondria produce most ATP made by the cell and have a single membrane with no DNA.
True
False
False
Which of the following is NOT true about ribosomes?
can be fixed on the rough
endoplasmic reticulum
large, with a membrane
site of protein synthesis
can be free in the cytoplasm
large, with a membrane
Which of the following is a specialized vesicle containing enzymes that is important in intracellular digestion?
ribosomes
lysosomes
golgi apparatus
peroxisomes
lysosomes
Cells spend their time in one of two states: interphase and cell division (aka: mitotic division).
True
False
True
The cytoskeleton is made up of all of the following EXCEPT
intermediate filaments
megafilaments
microtubules
microfilaments
megafilaments
Ribosomal RNA, which makes up ribosomes, is made in the ______.
plasma membrane
nucleolus
lysosomes
nuclear envelope
nucleolus
Which of the following are CORRECT matches between term and description/definition?
Mark all that apply.
a) Reduction: when a molecule loses an electron (and hydrogen)
b) Endergonic reaction: requires energy and is not spontaneous
c) Oxidation: when a molecule gains an electron (and hydrogen)
d) Exergonic reaction: releases energy and is spontaneous
b) Endergonic reaction: requires energy and is not spontaneous
d) Exergonic reaction: releases energy and is spontaneous
H is the final electron acceptor following the electron transport chain.
a) True
b) False
b) False
Which of the following are reactants in the Cellular Respiration equation?
Mark all that apply.
a) O₂
b) C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose)
c) CO₂
d) H₂O
e) ATP
a) O₂
b) C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose)
Fermentation is the aerobic breakdown of glucose that yields 2 ATP per glucose.
a) True
b) False
b) False
Which of the following are NOT correct matches between process and net number of ATP produced for the cell?
Mark all that apply.
a) Glycolysis = 4
b) Citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle) = 2
c) Prep reaction = 2
d) Electron transport chain = 34
a) Glycolysis = 4
c) Prep reaction = 2
Which of the following is NOT true about the Citric Acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle)?
a) Requires oxygen
b) Results in production of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate
c) Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
d) Releases CO₂
e) Oxidizes pyruvate
b) Results in production of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate
The 2nd law of thermodynamics states that energy conversion results in some usable energy degrading into heat, which is a less usable form of energy, and is also known as the law of entropy.
a) True
b) False
a) True
Riding a bicycle is an example of _______ energy, a pint of ice cream is a form of _______ energy, and food energy is measured in terms of _______, which is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C.
a) Kinetic; calories; potential
b) Potential; calories; kinetic
c) Potential; kinetic; calories
d) Kinetic; potential; calories
d) Kinetic; potential; calories
Entropy is the measure of order and specificity that increases with every energy transformation.
a) True
b) False
b) False
The 1st law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed and is also known as the law of entropy.
a) True
b) False
b) False
Which of the following is a selectively permeable barrier that is found in all cells?
a) Ribosomes
b) Plasma membrane
c) Cytoplasm
d) Nucleus
b) Plasma membrane
Movement of water, from an area of high to an area of low concentration, across a differentially permeable membrane.
a) Facilitated diffusion
b) Osmosis
c) Active transport
d) Simple diffusion
b) Osmosis
When molecules move down their concentration gradient (from high to low) until equilibrium is achieved and do not require a membrane.
a) Active transport
b) Simple diffusion
c) Facilitated diffusion
d) Osmosis
b) Simple diffusion
Match the type of endocytosis with its description.
a) Receptor-mediated endocytosis: brings specific molecules into the cell and is selective and much more efficient
b) Pinocytosis: brings droplets of extracellular fluid into the cell
c) Phagocytosis: brings food particles into the cell
a) Receptor-mediated endocytosis: brings specific molecules into the cell and is selective and much more efficient
b) Pinocytosis: brings droplets of extracellular fluid into the cell
c) Phagocytosis: brings food particles into the cell
Passive transport is spontaneous, while active transport is not spontaneous.
a) True
b) False
a) True
Match the term with the description.
a) Cation: an atom or molecule with a positive charge
b) Ion: a charged atom or molecule
c) Anion: an atom or molecule with a negative charge
a) Cation: an atom or molecule with a positive charge
b) Ion: a charged atom or molecule
c) Anion: an atom or molecule with a negative charge
When molecules or ions move against their concentration gradient and require a transport protein.
a) Facilitated diffusion
b) Osmosis
c) Active transport
d) Simple diffusion
c) Active transport
Which of the following is NOT true about the effect of osmosis on cell size and shape?
a) If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell will swell because there is a lower solute concentration in the solution than inside the cell
b) If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net change in cell size and shape because there is a similar solute concentration in the solution and inside the cell
c) If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, it will shrink because the solution has less solute than inside the cell
d) If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the cell will shrink because there is a higher solute concentration in the solution than inside the cell
c) If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, it will shrink because the solution has less solute than inside the cell
When membrane proteins assist movement of molecules across a membrane.
a) Simple diffusion
b) Osmosis
c) Active transport
d) Facilitated diffusion
d) Facilitated diffusion
Which of the following types of transport are passive and do not require energy?
Mark all that apply.
a) Diffusion
b) Endocytosis
c) Exocytosis
d) Osmosis
a) Diffusion
d) Osmosis
In passive transport, movement of solute or water goes down a concentration gradient from low to high.
a) True
b) False
b) False
Which of the following is NOT true about DNA structure?
a) Have a nitrogen-phosphate backbone
b) Is a double helix
c) Have a sugar-phosphate backbone
d) Have hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases
a) Have a nitrogen-phosphate backbone
DNA replication is __________ because each new molecule has a parent strand and a new strand.
a) Semidispersive
b) Semiconservative
c) Conservative
d) Dispersive
b) Semiconservative
A __________ mutation is when a mutation of a single DNA nucleotide has been substituted with another nucleotide.
a) Chromosome rearrangement
b) Point
c) Frame shift
d) Insertion inactivation
b) Point
Transposons are DNA sequences that can move within and between chromosomes, but do not affect gene function.
a) True
b) False
b) False
Germ-line mutations are mutations that are inherited, while somatic mutations occur after birth and can lead to cancer.
a) True
b) False
a) True
_________ is needed to seal the breaks in the backbone of the new strands.
a) DNA ligase
b) DNA helicase
c) DNA polymerase
d) RNA polymerase
a) DNA ligase
A mutation is any change in a cell’s DNA sequence and is rare.
a) True
b) False
a) True
A __________ mutation is when the triplet sequence of DNA is altered because a base pair has been inserted or deleted.
a) Chromosome rearrangement
b) Point
c) Insertion inactivation
d) Frame shift
d) Frame shift
_________ is needed to oversee complementary base pairing and joining of the nucleotides.
a) DNA ligase
b) DNA polymerase
c) RNA polymerase
d) DNA helicase
b) DNA polymerase
In DNA replication, the lagging strand adds nucleotides continuously along the way, while the leading strand must build new strands in segments.
a) True
b) False
b) False
Translation phase that occurs when 2 rRNA subunits, mRNA, and tRNA carrying the start codon methionine come together to start translation.
a) Invitation
b) Initiation
c) Elongation
d) Termination
b) Initiation
Produced in the nucleus and carries amino acids to the site of protein synthesis.
a) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
b) Messenger RNA (mRNA)
c) Copy RNA (cRNA)
d) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
d) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Produced in the nucleolus of the nucleus, forms ribosomes that are the site of protein synthesis.
a) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
b) Copy RNA (cRNA)
c) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
d) Messenger RNA (mRNA)
c) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Translation phase that occurs when one of three “stop” codons is reached.
a) Invitation
b) Initiation
c) Elongation
d) Termination
d) Termination
This eukaryotic protein synthesis regulation type allows multiple proteins to be made from the same primary mRNA because not all exons have to be present in the mature mRNA.
a) mRNA Processing
b) Transcription Factors
c) DNA Availability
d) mRNA Exit
e) mRNA Degradation
f) Chromatin Structure
g) Protein Processing
a) mRNA Processing
Transcription is when mRNA directs the sequence of amino acids that make up a protein and occurs in the cytoplasm, while translation is the synthesis of mRNA from the DNA and occurs in the nucleus.
a) True
b) False
b) False
A codon is a triplet of nucleotides that code for an amino acid and also the stop codons that signal the end of the amino acid sequence of a protein.
a) True
b) False
a) True
Produced in the nucleus via transcription and carries the genetic information from the DNA to the cytoplasm.
a) Messenger RNA (mRNA)
b) Copy RNA (cRNA)
c) Transfer RNA (tRNA)
d) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
a) Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Introns are noncoding regions in the mRNA that must be removed during mRNA processing, while exons are the coding regions that may be spliced together to form a mature mRNA molecule.
a) True
b) False
a) True
Translation phase where the peptide has an amino acid added one at a time.
a) Initiation
b) Elongation
c) Invitation
d) Termination
b) Elongation
