Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio125 ALHK > Exam 1 Key Terms > Flashcards

Exam 1 Key Terms Flashcards

3-7 lecutres

1
Q

The fluid inside cells, containing nutrients, ions, and proteins necessary for cell function.

A

Intracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The fluid outside cells, including blood plasma and interstitial fluid, which surrounds and supports cells

A

Extracellular fluid:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes, using regulatory mechanisms.

A

Homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The Scientific Process:

A
  1. Observation:
    Gathering information about a phenomenon or event, which sparks inquiry.
  2. Hypothesis:
    A proposed explanation for an observation, which can be tested through experimentation.
  3. Experiment:
    A structured procedure to test the hypothesis by manipulating variables and recording outcomes.
  4. Results:
    The data and findings gathered from the experiment.
  5. Conclusions:
    Interpretation of the results to determine whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Molecules that repel water, typically nonpolar substances like fats and oils.

A

Hydrophobic Molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Molecules that are attracted to and can dissolve in water, typically polar substances.

A

Hydrophilic Molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The branch of chemistry dealing with carbon-based compounds, often found in living organisms.

A

Organic Chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

he branch of chemistry that deals with compounds that do not primarily contain carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds. It focuses on substances such as metals, minerals, salts, and other compounds that are not classified as organic. Inorganic chemistry is fundamental to fields like biochemistry, materials science, and environmental science.

A

Inorganic Chemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Organic compounds consisting only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

A

Hydrocarbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The chain or ring of carbon atoms that forms the backbone of any organic molecule.

A

Carbon Skeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for a characteristic chemical reaction.

A

Functional Group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A small molecule that can bind to others like it to form a polymer.

A

Monomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A large molecule composed of many repeated subunits (monomers).

A

Polymer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

A

Dehydration Reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between molecules by adding water.

A

Hydrolysis Reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as a major energy source.

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of a single sugar molecule like glucose.

A

Monosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides, such as sucrose or lactose.

A

Disaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A carbohydrate polymer made up of many monosaccharide units, such as starch or cellulose.

A

Polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

A diverse group of hydrophobic molecules, including fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids, primarily used for energy storage, insulation, and cell structure.

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Types of lipids; fats are solid at room temperature, while oils are liquid. Both are composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

A

Fats and Oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fatty acids with no double bonds between carbon atoms, resulting in straight chains, typically solid at room temperature.

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fatty acids with one or more double bonds between carbon atoms, creating kinks in the chain, usually liquid at room temperature.

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lipids that make up the cell membrane, consisting of a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

A

Phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Small spherical structures formed by phospholipids in water, where the hydrophilic heads face outward and the hydrophobic tails are inside.

A

Micelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton of four fused rings, including cholesterol and hormones like testosterone and estrogen.

A

Steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Large molecules made of amino acids, essential for cell structure, function, and regulation of body tissues and organs.

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information, including DNA and RNA.

A

Nucleic Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

A

Peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Long chains of amino acids that fold into proteins.

A

Polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The sequence of amino acids in a protein.

A

Protein Structure (Primary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Local folding of the polypeptide chain into structures like alpha helices and beta sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

A

Protein Structure (Secondary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The three-dimensional shape of a protein, determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups).

A

Protein Structure (Tertiary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The structure formed when multiple polypeptide chains come together to form a functional protein.

A

Protein Structure (Quaternary)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that stores genetic information in the nucleus of cells.

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis and the transmission of genetic information.

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for various cellular processes.

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The semi-permeable barrier surrounding cells, composed mainly of a phospholipid bilayer, regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

A

Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The fluid component of the cytoplasm, where organelles and other cell structures are suspended.

A

Cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The jelly-like substance within a cell, containing the cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.

A

Cytoplasm

42
Q

Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.

A

Organelles

43
Q

Non-living components within cells, such as pigments, nutrients, or crystals.

A

Inclusion

44
Q

Key components of the cell membrane, consisting of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

A

Phospholipids

45
Q

The form of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus, which condenses to form chromosomes during cell division.

A

Chromatin

46
Q

The control center of the cell, housing DNA and directing cellular activities.

A

Nucleus

47
Q

A double membrane that encloses the nucleus, controlling the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus.

A

Nuclear Envelope

48
Q

Cellular structures that synthesize proteins by translating RNA into amino acid sequences.

A

Ribosomes

49
Q

A network of membranes in the cell involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

50
Q

A membrane network studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and folding.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

51
Q

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.

A

Golgi Apparatus

52
Q

Organelles containing digestive enzymes, responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.

A

Lysosomes

53
Q

Organelles that contain enzymes for detoxifying harmful substances and breaking down fatty acids.

A

Peroxisomes

54
Q

The “powerhouses” of the cell, where ATP is produced through cellular respiration

A

Mitochondria

55
Q

A network of protein filaments that provide structural support and shape to the cell, as well as aiding in movement.

A

Cytoskeleton

56
Q

Hair-like structures on the cell surface that move fluid, mucus, or cells over their surface.

A

Cilia

57
Q

Long, whip-like structures used for cell movement, such as in sperm cells.

A

Flagella

58
Q

Tiny projections on the cell surface that increase surface area for absorption.

A

Microvilli

59
Q

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates its DNA in preparation for division.

A

Interphase

60
Q

The process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells, including mitosis and cytokinesis.

A

Cell Division

61
Q

The process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

A

Mitosis

62
Q

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells after mitosis.

A

Cytokinesis

63
Q

The first stage of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

A

Prophase

64
Q

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up at the center of the cell (metaphase plate).

A

Metaphase

65
Q

The stage of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell.

A

Anaphase

66
Q

The final stage of mitosis where chromosomes begin to uncoil, nuclear envelopes reform, and the cell prepares for cytokinesis.

A

Telophase

67
Q

The capacity to do work or cause change, existing in various forms such as kinetic and potential energy.

A

Energy

68
Q

The energy an object possesses due to its motion.

A

Kinetic Energy

69
Q

The stored energy an object has due to its position or state.

A

Potential Energy

70
Q

A unit of energy; the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.

A

Calorie

71
Q

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.

A

1st Law of Thermodynamics

72
Q

Energy transfer increases the entropy (disorder) of a system, and energy transformations are not 100% efficient.

A

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

73
Q

A measure of the disorder or randomness in a system.

A

Entropy

74
Q

A chemical reaction that releases energy.

A

Exergonic Reaction

75
Q

A chemical reaction that absorbs energy.

A

Endergonic Reaction

76
Q

The loss of electrons from a molecule, atom, or ion in a chemical reaction.

A

Oxidation

77
Q

The gain of electrons by a molecule, atom, or ion in a chemical reaction.

A

Reduction

78
Q

A chemical reaction in which water is removed to bond molecules together.

A

Dehydration Reaction

79
Q

A chemical reaction in which water is added to break bonds between molecules.

A

Hydrolysis

80
Q

A reaction where an exergonic process drives an endergonic one.

A

Coupled Reaction

81
Q

A process of forming ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate.

A

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

82
Q

The production of ATP using energy derived from the electron transport chain in mitochondria.

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

83
Q

The starting substances in a chemical reaction that undergo change.

A

Reactants

84
Q

The substances produced as a result of a chemical reaction.

A

Products

85
Q

A series of metabolic processes that convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

A

Cellular Respiration

86
Q

An anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue by regenerating NAD⁺, producing ATP and lactic acid or ethanol.

A

Fermentation

87
Q

The process of copying DNA before cell division.

A

DNA Replication

88
Q

DNA replication in which each of the two new DNA molecules retains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

A

Semiconservative Replication

89
Q

The enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication.

A

DNA Helicase

90
Q

The enzyme that synthesizes new strands of DNA by adding nucleotides to the growing strand during replication.

A

DNA Polymerase

91
Q

The enzyme that synthesizes new strands of DNA by adding nucleotides to the growing strand during replication.

A

DNA Ligase

92
Q

A short RNA segment that provides a starting point for DNA synthesis during replication.

A

Primer

93
Q

The continuously synthesized DNA strand during replication.

A

Leading Strand

94
Q

The discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that forms short segments (Okazaki fragments) during replication

A

Lagging Strand

95
Q

A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

A

Mutation

96
Q

A mutation that occurs in reproductive cells and can be passed on to offspring.

A

Germ-Line Mutation

97
Q

A mutation that occurs in non-reproductive cells and cannot be inherited.

A

Somatic Mutation

98
Q

A DNA sequence that can change its position within the genome, potentially causing mutations.

A

Transposon

99
Q

A mutation that affects a single nucleotide base in the DNA sequence.

A

Point Mutation

100
Q

A mutation caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotides that shift the reading frame of the genetic message.

A

Frame Shift Mutation

Bio125 ALHK (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions