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Bio125 ALHK > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Movement of substances from the blood in the glomerulus into the capsular space.

A

Glomerular filtration

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2
Q

Movement of substances from tubular fluid back into the blood.

A

Tubular reabsorption:

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3
Q

Movement of substances from the blood into the tubular fluid.

A

Tubular secretion:

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4
Q

Modified smooth muscle cells around glomerular capillaries:

A

Mesangial cells. These cells regulate blood flow through the glomerulus by acting like precapillary sphincters.

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5
Q

Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure:

A

Opposes filtration.

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6
Q

Bowman’s capsule osmotic pressure:

A

Favors filtration (negligible under normal conditions).

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7
Q

Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

Favors filtration, equal to GC blood pressure.

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8
Q

Glomerular osmotic pressure:

A

Opposes filtration due to plasma proteins

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9
Q

Movement back into plasma is?

A

Reabsorption. This process involves the movement of solutes and water back into the plasma from kidney tubules.

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10
Q

Virtual measure of solute removal by kidney:

A

Clearance

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11
Q

Movement into kidney tubules

A

Secretion.

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12
Q

Elimination of solutes and water:

A

Excretion

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13
Q

The countercurrent multiplier in cortical nephrons generate an osmotic gradient that results in reabsorb of water from the tubules producing concentrated urine.

True

False

A

False

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14
Q

high blood volume due to positive water balance

A

Correct match:
hypervolemia

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15
Q

low blood volume due to negative water balance

A

Correct match:
hypovolemia

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16
Q

normal blood volume

A

normovolemia

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17
Q

Principle cells in the late distal tubules and collecting ducts regulate water and electrolyte balance through hormonal action, while intercalated cell regulate acid-base balance.

True

False

A

True

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18
Q

decreased CO2 leading to decreased H+ and caused by hyperventilation

A

Correct match:
respiratory alkalosis

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19
Q

increased CO2 leading to an increase H+ and is caused by hypoventilation

A

Correct match:
respiratory acidosis

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20
Q

decreased pH due to something other than CO2 (e.g. high protein diet or heavy exercise

A

Correct match:
metabolic acidosis

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21
Q

increased pH due to something other than CO2 (e.g. excessive vomiting)

A

Correct match:
metabolic alkalosis

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22
Q

high plasma calcium

A

Correct match:
hypercalcemia

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23
Q

high plasma potassium

A

Correct match:
hyperkalemia

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24
Q

low plasma sodium

A

Correct match:
hyponatremia

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25
Q

low plasma potassium

A

Correct match:
hypokalemia

26
Q

high plasma sodium

A

hypernatremia

27
Q

low plasma calcium

A

Correct match:
hypocalcemia

28
Q

__________ is a hormone secreted by atrial cells in response to distension of the atrial wall that increases the glomerular filtration rate.

aldosterone

atrial diuretic hormone

angiotensin

atrial natriuretic peptide

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

29
Q

___________ is the minimum volume of water that must be excreted in the urine per day, which equals 440mL.

obligatory water gain

obligatory water loss

facultative water loss

optional water loss

A

obligatory water loss

30
Q

Which hormone is released from the duodenum and jejunum in response to the presence of acid in the duodenum?

31
Q

The enteric nervous system regulates motility, secretion, and growth.

32
Q

Short GI reflexes involve sensory neurons sending information to the brain, while long reflexes provide shortcuts for the enteric nervous system.

True or False

33
Q

The liver’s roles include synthesis of bile salts, lipid metabolism, detoxification, and excretion of bilirubin.

34
Q

Release HCl and intrinsic factor needed for vitamin B12 absorption

A

Parietal cell

35
Q

Release mucus and bicarbonate

A

Mucus neck cell:

36
Q

Secretes histamine

37
Q

Secretes pepsinogen

A

Chief cell:

38
Q

The enteric nervous system includes the submucosal plexus that connects the longitudinal muscle to the circular muscle, and the myenteric plexus that connects the circular muscle to the submucosa.
True or False

39
Q

Movement of broken-down food into capillaries

A

Absorption

40
Q

Breakdown of foods into smaller components (e.g., monomers)

A

Digestion:

41
Q

Movement of digestive substances (e.g., enzymes) into the lumen of intestines

A

Secretion:

42
Q

Movement of food through the digestive tract

43
Q

Which hormone is released from the duodenum and jejunum in response to glucose, fats, acid, or distension of the duodenum?

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

44
Q

Which hormone is released from the stomach in response to proteins and protein digestion products, stomach distension, and parasympathetic input?

45
Q

: The oral preparatory phase occurs when food enters the mouth, and the tongue pushes it against the soft palate. This phase occurs before the oral transport phase, where the tongue pushes the food toward the oropharynx.
True or False

46
Q

Match the peptide with its description.
Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (alpha-MSH):
A. Made in adipose cells, decreases food intake
B. Made in the hypothalamus, decreases food intake
C. Made in the stomach, increases food intake
D. Co-expressed in the hypothalamus and increases food intake

A

B. Made in the hypothalamus, decreases food intake

47
Q

Match the peptide with its description.
NPY:
A. Made in adipose cells, decreases food intake
B. Made in the stomach, increases food intake
C. Made in the hypothalamus, decreases food intake
D. Co-expressed in the hypothalamus and increases food intake

A

D. Co-expressed in the hypothalamus and increases food intake

48
Q

Match the peptide with its description.
Leptin:
A. Made in adipose cells, decreases food intake
B. Made in the hypothalamus, decreases food intake
C. Made in the stomach, increases food intake
D. Co-expressed in the hypothalamus and increases food intake

A

A. Made in adipose cells, decreases food intake

49
Q

Match the peptide with its description.
Ghrelin:
A. Made in adipose cells, decreases food intake
B. Made in the hypothalamus, decreases food intake
C. Made in the stomach, increases food intake
D. Co-expressed in the hypothalamus and increases food intake

A

C. Made in the stomach, increases food intake

50
Q

The basal metabolic rate is measured as calories burned to maintain basic life-sustaining functions, while resting metabolic rate is measured as calories burned if you laid in bed all day, and is essentially the same as your basal metabolic rate.
A. True
B. False

51
Q

: ________ is the production of glucose monomers from non-carbohydrate sources, and occurs in the liver.
A. Amino acid conversion
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Lipolysis
D. Beta oxidation
E. Gluconeogenesis

A

E. Gluconeogenesis

52
Q

________ is the conversion of fatty acids into acetyl CoA.
A. Lipolysis
B. Beta oxidation
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Amino acid conversion
E. Gluconeogenesis

A

B. Beta oxidation

53
Q

________ includes the production of ammonia and an organic acid via deamination.
A. Glycogenolysis
B. Lipolysis
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Amino acid conversion
E. Beta oxidation

A

D. Amino acid conversion

54
Q

________ is the breakdown of glycogen into its glucose monomers and occurs in the liver and muscle.
A. Glycogenolysis
B. Amino acid conversion
C. Lipolysis
D. Beta oxidation
E. Gluconeogenesis

A

A. Glycogenolysis

55
Q

GLUT 4 transporters are important in the uptake of glucose during the feeding state and do this via ________.
A. Simple diffusion
B. Endocytosis
C. Active transport
D. Facilitated diffusion

A

D. Facilitated diffusion

56
Q

________ is the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
A. Lipolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Beta oxidation
D. Glycogenolysis
E. Amino acid conversion

A

A. Lipolysis

57
Q

Carbs and fat are macronutrients that contain 4 kcal/g energy, while proteins contain 9 kcal/g.
A. True
B. False

58
Q

CCK:
A. Made in intestines, decreases food intake
B. Made in the hypothalamus, decreases food intake
C. Made in the small intestine and neurons, decreases food intake
D. Made in the stomach, increases food intake

A

A. Made in intestines, decreases food intake

59
Q

Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1):
A. Made in intestines, decreases food intake
B. Made in the hypothalamus, decreases food intake
C. Made in the small intestine and neurons, decreases food intake
D. Made in adipose cells, decreases food intake

A

C. Made in the small intestine and neurons, decreases food intake

60
Q

Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH):
A. Made in intestines, decreases food intake
B. Made in the hypothalamus, decreases food intake
C. Made in the small intestine and neurons, decreases food intake
D. Made in adipose cells, decreases food intake

A

B. Made in the hypothalamus, decreases food intake

Bio125 ALHK (8 decks)

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