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GRECO A&P l > UNIT 1 - PART 2 - A&P Basics > Flashcards

UNIT 1 - PART 2 - A&P Basics Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS ANATOMY?

A

DERIVED FROM A GREEK WORD WHICH MEANS “TO CUT OPEN” THIS IS THE STUDY OF PARTS OF THE BODY.

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2
Q

WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY?

A

THIS IS THE STUDY OF HOW BODY PARTS OPERATE.

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3
Q

WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION?

A

THIS IS THE PRINCIPLE THAT UNITES THE TWO AREAS OF STUDY: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

IT MEANS THAT PARTS OF THE BODY DO SPECIFIC THINGS BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPE AND PROPERTIES.

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4
Q

ATOMS
come together to make
CHEMICALS
come together to make
CELLS
come together to make
TISSUES
come together to make
ORGANS
come together to make
ORGANS SYSTEMS
come together to make
ORGANISMS

A

ATOMS > CHEMICALS > CELLS > TISSUES > ORGANS > ORGANS > ORGANISMS

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5
Q

WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?

A

THIS IS THE RANGE IN WHICH A CERTAIN ASPECT OF LIFE CAN EXIST.

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6
Q

WHAT IS DISEASE?

A

THIS IS ANY CONDITION WHICH CAUSES A BODY SYSTEM TO NO LONGER OPERATE IN HOMEOSTASIS.

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7
Q

WHAT IS NEGATIVE FEEDBACK?

A

THIS IS A REGULATORY MECHANISM IN WHICH A STIMULUS CAUSES AN OPPOSITE OUTPUT IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN AN IDEAL LEVEL OF WHATEVER IS BEING REGULATED.

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8
Q

TRUE

A

TRUE OR FALSE; Disease occurs because the receptor, control center, or effector are not operating correctly.

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9
Q

WHAT IS CONGENITAL DISEASE?

A

Disease can occur due to a number of reasons.

THIS TYPE OF DISEASE IS ONE THAT WAS INHERITED FROM BIRTH.

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10
Q

WHAT IS HEALTH-RELATED DISEASE?

A

Disease can occur due to a number of reasons.

THIS TYPE OF DISEASE OCCURS WHEN THE SYSTEM NO LONGER OPERATES CORRECTLY BECAUSE A PERSON HAS NOT TAKEN CARE OF THEMSELVES.

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11
Q

WHAT IS ACCIDENT-RELATED DISEASE?

A

Disease can occur due to a number of reasons.

THIS TYPE OF DISEASE OCCURS WHEN A COMPONENT OF THE SYSTEM WAS DAMAGED BY SOME OUTSIDE FACTOR.

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12
Q

HEALTH-RELATED DISEASE

Example: Diabetes Type II
(NEGATIVE FEEDBACK)

A
  • Normally, when blood sugar elevates the pancreas releases insulin to tell organs to take in sugar. Overall, this is a negative feedback system that brings blood sugar levels back down to normal after a meal.
  • Research has shown that a diet high in refined sugars will make the body “tolerant” to insulin. Much like caffeine or
    nicotine, the body gets so much of the chemical it no longer rends to it in time.
  • As a result, blood sugar levels elevate and the body does not release insulin.
  • As a result of the high blood sugar levels, sensitive tissues in the kidney, liver, brain, and vasculature can become damaged overtime. This is why uncontrolled diabetes is so dangerous. Over time, organs can be destroyed.
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13
Q

What is the most effective treatment for Type ll diabetes?

A

TO REGULATE A PERSON’S DIET

The most effective treatment is to regulate a person’s diet so that they do not eat as much sugar. In addition to increasing activity though exercise, the body can go back to normal homeostasis in time. If the patient does not comply with medical orders, however, the disease can lead to even worse heart disease issues.

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14
Q

WHAT IS DIFFUSION?

A

THIS IS THE TENDENCY OF SUBSTANCES TO MOVE FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION TO LOW CONCENTRATION.

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15
Q

WHAT IS A DIFFUSION GRADIENT?
(sometimes just GRADIENT)

A

THIS IS THE DIRECTION A SUBSTANCE TENDS TO MOVE.

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16
Q

FALSE

Diffusion requires no energy investment.

A

TRUE OR FALSE: Diffusion requires an energy investment.

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17
Q

FALSE

At the atomic level, diffusion is ALMOST instantaneous.

A

TRUE OR FALSE: At the atomic level, diffusion is ALWAYS instantaneous.

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18
Q

TRUE

A

TRUE OR FALSE:
Energy is invested if something is moved AGAINST diffusion.

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19
Q

TRUE

A

TRUE OR FALSE: Every organ manipulates diffusion in some way to operate.

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20
Q

CONSTANTLY; NATURALLY

A

Atoms and molecules are _______ impacting, so they _______ spread out.

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21
Q

WHY IS DIFFUSION IMPORTANT?

A

THIS IS MOST IMPORTANT FOR UNDERSTANDING HOW SUBSTANCES ARE ENTERING/EXITING CELLS.

(The entry or exit of these substances will determine the overall function of what cells do and how tissues operate.)

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22
Q

WHAT IS SIMPLE DIFFUSION?

A

THIS TYPE OF DIFFUSION REQUIRES NO SPECIAL CHANNEL AS SUBSTANCES ARE ABLE TO DIFFUSE FREELY.

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23
Q

WHAT IS FACILITATED DIFFUSION?

A

THIS TYPE OF DIFFUSION OCCURS WHEN SUBSTANCES DIFFUSE, BUT REQUIRE A CHANNEL IN ORDER TO DO SO.

(This process requires no energy investment as long as the channel is open.)

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24
Q

WHAT IS ACTIVE TRANSPORT?

A

THIS OCCURS WHEN A PUMP FORCES A SUBSTANCE TO MOVE AGAINST DIFFUSION.

(Because substances would not normally move in this way, energy in the form of ATP must be invested to drive the process.)

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25
Q

WHAT IS HORMONE COMMUNICATION?
(Cell-to-Cell Communication)

A

THIS OCCURS WHEN A CELL RELEASES A CHEMICAL SIGNAL (HORMONE) INTO THE LOCAL FLUID OR INTO THE BLOODSTREAM.

(This hormone then binds to receptors on specific target cells causing some change in function.)

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26
Q

WHAT IS NEURAL COMMUNICATION?
(Cell-to-Cell Communication)

A

THIS OCCURS WHEN A NEURON RELEASES A CHEMICAL SIGNAL (NEUROTRANSMITTER) INTO A SYNAPSE.

(The neurotransmitters then binds to receptors on a target cell. The target cell will then alter its function in response. This process is very similar to hormone communication, but the neuron makes direct connection to the target cell in order to command it.)

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27
Q

What is the ANATOMICAL POSITION?

A

The body is standing upright and the feet are shoulder width apart, with the upper limbs at the sides of the trunk and the head and palms facing forward.

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28
Q

What are NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS?

A

These loops move in the OPPOSITE direction to the original stimulus.

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29
Q

What are POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOPS?

A

These loops move in the SAME direction as the original stimulus.

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30
Q

Protection and Support:

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

A
  • Protects the body from the external environment
  • Produces vitamin D
  • Retains water
  • Regulates body temperature
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31
Q

Protection and Support:
SKELETAL SYSTEM

A
  • Supports the body
  • Protects internal organs
  • Provides leverage for movement
  • Produces blood cells
  • Stores calcium salts
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32
Q

Protection and Support:
MUSCULAR SYSTEM

A
  • Produces movement
  • Controls body openings
  • Generates heat
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33
Q

Communication and Integration:
NERVOUS SYSTEM

1 of 2 most systems responsible for maintaining homeostasis.

A
  • Regulates body functions
  • Provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses
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34
Q

Communication and Integration:
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

2 of 2 most systems responsible for maintaining homeostasis.

A
  • Regulates body functions
  • Regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones
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35
Q

Transport and Immunity:
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
(Cardiovascular System)

A
  • Pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the tissues
  • Removes wastes from the tissues
  • Transports cells, nutrients, and other substances
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36
Q

Transport and Immunity:
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
& IMMUNE SYSTEM

A
  • Returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system
  • Provides immunity (protection against disease)
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37
Q

Gas, Nutrient, and Waste Exchange:

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A
  • Delivers oxygen to the blood
  • Removes carbon dioxide from the body
  • Maintains the acid-base balance of the blood
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38
Q

Gas, Nutrient, and Waste Exchange:

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A
  • Digests food
  • Absorbs nutrients into the blood
  • Removes food waste
    Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base
    balance
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39
Q

Gas, Nutrient, and Waste Exchange:

URINARY SYSTEM

A
  • Removes metabolic wastes from the blood
  • Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
  • Stimulates blood cell production
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40
Q

Reproduction: produce offspring.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

A
  • Produces and transports oocytes (eggs)
  • Site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation.
  • Secretes hormones
  • Sexual function
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41
Q

Reproduction: produce offspring.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

A
  • Produces and transports sperm
  • Secretes hormones
  • Sexual function
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42
Q

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

A

Oxytocin is a hormone that stimulates labor contractions. Labor
contractions force the head of the baby downwards resulting in pressure on the cervix.

Pressure on the cervix is a signal to the pituitary gland to
release oxytocin.

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43
Q

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

A

When body temperature rises, the skin will produce sweat. The evaporation of the sweat will cool the body. If body temperature falls, the
body will begin to shiver. The action of shivering generates heat to warm
the body.

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44
Q

Negative Feedback Control of Homeostasis
STIMULUS

A

The thing that is sensed/measured.

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45
Q

Negative Feedback Control of Homeostasis
SENSOR

A

The thing that does the sensing.

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46
Q

Negative Feedback Control of Homeostasis
CONTROL

A

The thing that makes the decision about what to do.

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47
Q

Negative Feedback Control of Homeostasis
EFFECTOR

A

The thing that makes the change.

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48
Q

AFFERENT PATHWAY
(They will either be NERVES or HORMONES.)

A

These bring the information to the control center.

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49
Q

EFFERENT PATHWAY
(They will either be NERVES or HORMONES.)

A

These take the information away from the control center.

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50
Q

Characteristics of Living Organisms:

Cellular composition

A

The cell is the smallest unit that can carry out the functions of life. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, from single-celled bacteria to complex multicellular organisms such as humans.

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51
Q

Characteristics of Living Organisms:

Metabolism

A

The process by which the body converts food and drink into energy.

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52
Q

Characteristics of Living Organisms: Metabolism

anabolism
(an-AEH-boh-liz’m),

A

The “building” processes in which smaller chemicals are combined to form larger ones, such as building muscle.

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53
Q

Characteristics of Living Organisms: Metabolism

catabolism
(kat-AEH-boh-liz’m)

A

The “breaking down” processes, in which larger chemicals are broken down into smaller ones, as in digestion.

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54
Q

Characteristics of Living Organisms:

Growth

A

This occurs when more anabolism takes place than catabolism. It may come in two forms: an increase in the size of individual cells and/or an increase in the number of cells.

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55
Q

Characteristics of Living Organisms:

Excretion

A

When an organism separates and removes wastes.

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56
Q

Characteristics of Living Organisms: Excretion

Waste products

A

Chemicals that metabolic processes produce that the organism cannot use for any purpose. Many are toxic if they accumulate.

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57
Q

Characteristics of Living Organisms:

Responsiveness

A

Living organisms sense and react to changes in their environment called stimuli; this property is also known as irritability.

Humans and other animals respond to stimuli perceived through the senses, including sight, smell, hearing, touch, and pain.

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58
Q

Characteristics of Living Organisms:

Movement

A

Another key property of life is movement. Including this may seem strange at first, because clearly plants don’t get up and take a walk. However, plants do exhibit movement inside and between their cells. Other forms of movement include motion of one or more cells within the organism and movement of the organism itself.

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59
Q

Characteristics of Living Organisms:

Reproduction

A

(1) individual cells reproduce within the organism during growth and to replace damaged or old cells, and (2) the organism reproduces to yield offspring similar to itself.

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60
Q

Structural levels of organization (“building blocks”):

Chemical

A

The smallest level of organization in the human body. They range in size from tiny atoms to complex structures called molecules. All other levels are made up of combinations of molecules.

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61
Q

Structural levels of organization (“building blocks”):

Cellular

A

Groups of several different types of molecules that combine in specific ways to form structures in the body that vary widely in size, shape, and function.

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62
Q

Structural levels of organization (“building blocks”):

Tissue

A

Groups of similar cells and the material outside them, called the extracellular matrix, come together to perform a common function. They vary In appearance from the thin, broad sheets that line the body’s internal surfaces to the short, irregularly shaped pieces of rubbery cartilage that make up the nose.

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63
Q

Structural levels of organization (“building blocks”):

Organ

A

Two or more tissue types can combine to form a structure which has a recognizable shape and performs a specialized task. Examples include the skin, the heart, and the bones of the skeleton.

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64
Q

Structural levels of organization (“building blocks”):

Organ system

A

A system that consists of two or more organs that together carry out a broad function in the body.

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65
Q

Structural levels of organization (“building blocks”):

Organism

A

A living thing that functions as an individual. The organ systems function together to make up the working human body. Organisms can be multicellular, like humans, or single-celled, like bacteria.

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66
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

The study of the body’s structure by dividing it into systems, such as the nervous system or the circulatory system. It’s a system-by-system examination of the human body.

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67
Q

Regional anatomy

A

The study of the body’s regions, including the structures within them and how they work together. It’s also known as topographic anatomy.

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68
Q

Surface anatomy

A

The study of the external features of the body, including their form, proportions, and surface landmarks. It’s a branch of gross anatomy, and is also known as superficial anatomy or visual anatomy.

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69
Q

Gross anatomy

A

The is the study of the body’s structures and systems that can be seen without magnification, including their organization, form, and relationships.

It’s a field of biological science that’s concerned with understanding how the parts of an organism work together to maintain life.

70
Q

Microscopic anatomy

A

The study of the structure of cells and tissues in an organism using a microscope, examining features too small to see with the naked eye; essentially, it focuses on the microscopic details of bodily structures like cells and tissues within an organism.

71
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. It’s a branch of biology that’s also known as microscopic anatomy.

72
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells; it examines the structure, function, and pathology of cells using a microscope, often to diagnose diseases by analyzing cell samples from the body.

73
Q

Apply What You Learned

  1. The condition hypothyroidism is characterized by a decrease in the synthesis and secretion of the chemical thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland, an organ in the neck that is part of the endocrine system. Explain how this condition involves all levels of organization in the body.
A

Hypothyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone, affects all levels of organization in the body because thyroid hormone is crucial for regulating metabolism at the cellular level, which impacts the function of tissues, organs, and ultimately the entire body system.

74
Q

Abdominal

A

The abdomen

75
Q

Cervical

A

The neck

76
Q

Gluteal

A

The buttocks

77
Q

Inguinal

A

The groin

78
Q

Lumbar

A

The lower back

79
Q

Pelvic

A

The pelvis

80
Q

Pubic

A

The pubis

81
Q

Sacral

A

The sacrum

82
Q

Sternal

A

The sternum

83
Q

Thoracic

A

The chest

84
Q

Vertebral

A

The spinal column

85
Q

Buccal

A

The cheek

86
Q

Cranial

A

The skull

87
Q

Cephalic

A

The head

88
Q

Frontal

A

The forehead

89
Q

Mental

A

The chin

90
Q

Nasal

A

The nose

91
Q

Occipital

A

The back of the head

92
Q

Ocular

A

The eye

93
Q

Oral

A

The mouth

94
Q

Otic

A

The ear

95
Q

Acromial

A

The point of the shoulder

96
Q

Antebrachial

A

The forearm

97
Q

Antecubital

A

The anterior surface of the elbow

98
Q

Axillary

A

The armpit

99
Q

Brachial

A

The arm

100
Q

Carpal

A

The wrist

101
Q

Digital

A

The fingers (or toes)

102
Q

Manual

A

The hand

103
Q

Metacarpal

A

The metacarpals (bones of the hand)

104
Q

Palmar

A

The palm

105
Q

Pollex

A

The thumb

106
Q

Coxal

A

The hip

107
Q

Crural

A

The anterior surface of the leg

108
Q

Femoral

A

The thigh

109
Q

Hallux

A

The great (big) toe

110
Q

Metatarsal

A

The metatarsals (bones of the foot)

111
Q

Patellar

A

The anterior surface of the knee

112
Q

Pedal

A

The foot

113
Q

Plantar

A

The sole of the foot

114
Q

Popliteal

A

The posterior surface of the knee

115
Q

Sural

A

The posterior surface of the leg

116
Q

Tarsal

A

The ankle

117
Q

Anterior
(ventral)

A

Toward the front

118
Q

Posterior
(dorsal)

A

Toward the back

119
Q

Superior
(cranial)

A

Toward the head

120
Q

Inferior
(caudal) “caud”

A

Toward the tail ( “tail”)

121
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the point of origin
(generally the trunk)

122
Q

Distal

A

Farther away from the point of origin (generally the trunk)

123
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midline of the body or a body part; on the inner side of

124
Q

Lateral

A

Farther away from the midline of the body or a body part; on the outer side of

125
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface

126
Q

Deep

A

Farther below the surface

127
Q

“wrong body” procedure

A

A medial error where the surgeon operates on the wrong patient entirely.

128
Q

“wrong site” procedure

A

A medial error where the surgeon operates on the wrong part of the body.

129
Q

Axial region

A

The head, neck, and trunk region of the body

130
Q

Appendicular region

A

The upper and lower limb regions of the body.

131
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides the body into right and left sections

132
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Also known as the “median plane” divides the body or body part into equal right and left halves.

133
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

Divides the body or body part into unequal right and left sections.

134
Q

Frontal plane

A

Also know as the “coronal plane” divides the body into anterior and posterior sections. It gives a front and back section,

135
Q

Transverse plane

A

Also known as the “horizontal plane” or a cross section, divides the body into superior and inferior parts. TOP & BOTTOM

Also divides the appendicular region into proximal and distal parts.

136
Q

Oblique plane

A

An oblique section taken at an angle and is useful for examining structures, such as the knee, that aren’t easy to study with standard planes of section.

137
Q

Cranial cavity

(filled with cerebrospinal fluid “CSF”)

A

A posterior cavity located within the skull and protects the brain.

138
Q

Vertebral (or spinal) cavity

(filled with cerebrospinal fluid “CSF”)

A

A posterior cavity found within the vertebral column and protects the spinal cord.

139
Q

diaphragm muscle

A

A dome-shaped muscle which functions in breathing.

Separates the two main divisions of the anterior body cavity.

140
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

An anterior body cavity in the chest that contains the heart, lungs, and other vital organs.

It’s protected by the rib cage and separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm.

141
Q

Pleural cavities
(PLOO-rul)

A

A smaller cavity located in the thoracic cavity that contains right and left sections, each of which surrounds one lung.

These cavities are located within serous (SEER-us) membranes.

142
Q

Mediastinum
(med - = “middle”).

A

Located between the pleural cavities, this houses the heart, great blood vessels, trachea, and esophagus,

It is NOT located within a serous membrane.

143
Q

Pericardial cavity
(peri- = “around”)

A

Located in the inferior mediastinum, this cavity surrounds the heart within a serous membrane

144
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

An anterior body cavity that consists of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity.

145
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Located between the chest and the pelvis, this large cavity contains many of the body’s organs, including the stomach, liver, and intestines.

146
Q

Pelvic cavity

A

A funnel-shaped space below the abdomen that contains the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs.

147
Q

RUQ

A

right upper
quadrant

148
Q

LUQ

A

left upper quadrant

149
Q

RLQ

A

right lower quadrant

150
Q

LLQ

A

left lower quadrant

151
Q

The epigastric region
(epi- = “above,” gastr- = “stomach”).

A

The region between the right and left hypochondriac regions and superior to the
stomach.

152
Q

right and left hypochondriac regions

A

The right and left superior divisions, respectively.

Located on either side of the epigastric region.

153
Q

The umbilical region
(contains the umbilicus)

A

The region of the abdomen that surrounds the navel, or umbilicus.

154
Q

right and left lumbar regions

(located in approximately the same region as the lumbar vertebrae)

A

The right and left middle regions.

Located on either side of the Umbilical region.

155
Q

The hypogastric region

A

The region between the right and left iliac regions and inferior to the stomach.

156
Q

right and left iliac (or inguinal) regions

A

The right and left inferior regions.

Located on either side of the hypogastric region.

157
Q

serous membranes

A

Thin layers of tissue that line body cavities and cover organs.

Forms a sac that produces serous fluid.

158
Q

serous fluid

A

A clear fluid that is watery, slippery and lubricates organs and reduces friction.

159
Q

visceral layer
(viscer- = “organ”),

A

The inner layer of serous membrane that contacts the organ.

160
Q

parietal layer

A

The outer layer of serous membrane that attaches to surrounding structures.

161
Q

pleural membranes

A

Two thin layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest wall.

They protect the lungs, make breathing easier, and allow the lungs to move smoothly against the chest wall.

162
Q

Parietal pleura

A

The outer layer of pleural membranes that line the chest wall.

163
Q

Visceral pleura

A

The inner layer of pleural membranes that covers the lungs.

164
Q

Pleural space

A

The thin space between the parietal and visceral pleura.

165
Q

Pleural fluid

A

A lubricating fluid that fills the pleural space

166
Q

pericardial membranes

A

The membranes around the heart.

167
Q

parietal pericardium

A

The outer layer encircling
the heart in the mediastinum.

168
Q

visceral pericardium

A

The inner layer which is attached to the heart muscle itself.

169
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

The fluid-filled space in the abdomen that contains the stomach, intestines, and liver.

170
Q

peritoneum

A

The peritoneum is a thin tissue that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most of the abdominal organs.

It’s made up of two layers, the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum.

171
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

A serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic walls. It’s the outer layer of the peritoneum.

172
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

A layer of tissue that covers the majority of organs in the abdomen. It’s the inner layer of the peritoneum.

GRECO A&P l (6 decks)

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