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Chemistry As > Unit 1- Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 1- Organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define a hazard

A

The potential to do harm

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2
Q

Define a risk

A

The risk associated with a hazard is the chance the hazard will do harm

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3
Q

Define structural isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

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4
Q

Define chain isomers

A

Different chain of carbon atoms

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5
Q

Define position isomers

A

Different positions of the same functional group

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6
Q

Define a functional group

A

Group of atoms which give a organic compound its properties and reactions

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7
Q

Define a free radical

A

A species with an unpaired electron from the result of homolytic bond breaking which are highly reactive

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8
Q

Define nucleophiles

A

Ions or molecules which attack positive rich nucleus in molecules. Generally negative ions or molecules

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9
Q

Define electrophiles

A

Ions or molecules which attatck negative ions in molecules

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10
Q

Define cis isomers

A

Similar groups on same side of the double bond

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11
Q

Define trans-isomers

A

Similar groups on opposite sides of the double bond

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12
Q

What part of a organic compound is reactive?

A

The functional group

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13
Q

What is the functional group for alcohols

A

-OH e.g. ehthanol

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14
Q

What is the functional group for Alkenes

A

A C=C double carbon-carbon bond e.g. ethene

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15
Q

What is the functional group for halogens?

A

R-X where X is a halogen ;Cl,Br,I and F e.g. chloroethane

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16
Q

What is the functional group for esters?

A

C-O-C e.g. methoxymethane

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17
Q

What is the functional group for aldehydes?

A

-CHO e.g. ethanal

18
Q

What is the functional group for ketones?

A

C=O e.g. propanone

19
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH e.g. ethanoic acid

20
Q

What are some methods to decrease the risk of potential hazards?

A
  • Working in a smaller scale
  • Taking precautions
  • Careful use of safety measures
  • Alternative methods
21
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

A

saturated - no double bonds

22
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A
  • Converting crude oil into more specific alkanes
  • Done by heating a furnace where the crude oil vapourises
  • Vapour condenses at each section below its melting temperature
23
Q

What are the alkanes from fractional distillation?

A
  • Refinery gas
  • Gasoline
  • Kerosone
  • Diesel oil
  • Residue
24
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A
  • Converts heavier fractions from fractional distillation into more usefuel hydrocarbons
  • Uses Zeolite
  • Synthetic catalyst used
25
What is reforming?
* Coverts straight chain and cyclic alkanes into arenes * Hydrogen is the valuable product * Catalyst used is normally platinum or rhodium * Or inert material such as aluminium oxide
26
What reactions can alkanes undergo?
* Combustion * Free radical substitutions
27
Explain the reaction alkanes undergo under oxygen
* Combustion * Alkanes are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water * Reaction is exothermic * Insufficient oxygen is incomplete combustion which produces carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
28
What are the three stages for the free radical substitution?
* Initiation * Propogation * Termination
29
Why are alkenes reactive?
Due to the double bond
30
Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?
Unsaturated
31
What are sigma bonds?
Carbon-carbon single bonds
32
What does a sigma bond allow?
Rotation and electron cloud to be symmetrical along the axis
33
How is a sigma bond formed?
Overlap of two orbitals e.g. a s and p orbital or two p orbitals
34
What type of bonds are present in a double bond?
Sigma and pi bonds
35
How is a pi bond formed?
Overlap of two p orbitals sideways
36
What is the electron density like in a pi bond?
Two regions, above and below the the molecules on either side of the nucleus
37
What do pi bonds restrict?
bond rotation
38
What does a lack of rotation give rise to?
Cis and trans isomers
39
What system is present if cis and trans isomers do not work?
E and Z isomerism
40
Why is E-Z used over cis and trans ?
If there isnt a molecule that are the same either side of the nucleus
41
What is the difference between E and Z isomers
* The molecules bonded to the carbons must be assesed * The molecule with the greater atomic number is prioritised * If the molecules with the greater priority is on the same side, it is a Z isomer * If the moelcules with the greater priority is on opposite sides, it is a E isomer
42

Chemistry As (16 decks)

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