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Chemistry As > Unit 1- Organic chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 1- Organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a hazard

A

The potential to do harm

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2
Q

Define a risk

A

The risk associated with a hazard is the chance the hazard will do harm

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3
Q

Define structural isomers

A

Same molecular formula but different structural formula

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4
Q

Define chain isomers

A

Different chain of carbon atoms

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5
Q

Define position isomers

A

Different positions of the same functional group

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6
Q

Define a functional group

A

Group of atoms which give a organic compound its properties and reactions

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7
Q

Define a free radical

A

A species with an unpaired electron from the result of homolytic bond breaking which are highly reactive

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8
Q

Define nucleophiles

A

Ions or molecules which attack positive rich nucleus in molecules. Generally negative ions or molecules

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9
Q

Define electrophiles

A

Ions or molecules which attatck negative ions in molecules

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10
Q

Define cis isomers

A

Similar groups on same side of the double bond

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11
Q

Define trans-isomers

A

Similar groups on opposite sides of the double bond

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12
Q

What part of a organic compound is reactive?

A

The functional group

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13
Q

What is the functional group for alcohols

A

-OH e.g. ehthanol

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14
Q

What is the functional group for Alkenes

A

A C=C double carbon-carbon bond e.g. ethene

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15
Q

What is the functional group for halogens?

A

R-X where X is a halogen ;Cl,Br,I and F e.g. chloroethane

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16
Q

What is the functional group for esters?

A

C-O-C e.g. methoxymethane

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17
Q

What is the functional group for aldehydes?

A

-CHO e.g. ethanal

18
Q

What is the functional group for ketones?

A

C=O e.g. propanone

19
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH e.g. ethanoic acid

20
Q

What are some methods to decrease the risk of potential hazards?

A
  • Working in a smaller scale
  • Taking precautions
  • Careful use of safety measures
  • Alternative methods
21
Q

Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?

A

saturated - no double bonds

22
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A
  • Converting crude oil into more specific alkanes
  • Done by heating a furnace where the crude oil vapourises
  • Vapour condenses at each section below its melting temperature
23
Q

What are the alkanes from fractional distillation?

A
  • Refinery gas
  • Gasoline
  • Kerosone
  • Diesel oil
  • Residue
24
Q

What is catalytic cracking?

A
  • Converts heavier fractions from fractional distillation into more usefuel hydrocarbons
  • Uses Zeolite
  • Synthetic catalyst used
25
Q

What is reforming?

A
  • Coverts straight chain and cyclic alkanes into arenes
  • Hydrogen is the valuable product
  • Catalyst used is normally platinum or rhodium
  • Or inert material such as aluminium oxide
26
Q

What reactions can alkanes undergo?

A
  • Combustion
  • Free radical substitutions
27
Q

Explain the reaction alkanes undergo under oxygen

A
  • Combustion
  • Alkanes are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water
  • Reaction is exothermic
  • Insufficient oxygen is incomplete combustion which produces carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
28
Q

What are the three stages for the free radical substitution?

A
  • Initiation
  • Propogation
  • Termination
29
Q

Why are alkenes reactive?

A

Due to the double bond

30
Q

Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated

31
Q

What are sigma bonds?

A

Carbon-carbon single bonds

32
Q

What does a sigma bond allow?

A

Rotation and electron cloud to be symmetrical along the axis

33
Q

How is a sigma bond formed?

A

Overlap of two orbitals e.g. a s and p orbital or two p orbitals

34
Q

What type of bonds are present in a double bond?

A

Sigma and pi bonds

35
Q

How is a pi bond formed?

A

Overlap of two p orbitals sideways

36
Q

What is the electron density like in a pi bond?

A

Two regions, above and below the the molecules on either side of the nucleus

37
Q

What do pi bonds restrict?

A

bond rotation

38
Q

What does a lack of rotation give rise to?

A

Cis and trans isomers

39
Q

What system is present if cis and trans isomers do not work?

A

E and Z isomerism

40
Q

Why is E-Z used over cis and trans ?

A

If there isnt a molecule that are the same either side of the nucleus

41
Q

What is the difference between E and Z isomers

A
  • The molecules bonded to the carbons must be assesed
  • The molecule with the greater atomic number is prioritised
  • If the molecules with the greater priority is on the same side, it is a Z isomer
  • If the moelcules with the greater priority is on opposite sides, it is a E isomer
42
Q
A

Chemistry As (16 decks)

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