Unit 1- Organic chemistry Flashcards
Define a hazard
The potential to do harm
Define a risk
The risk associated with a hazard is the chance the hazard will do harm
Define structural isomers
Same molecular formula but different structural formula
Define chain isomers
Different chain of carbon atoms
Define position isomers
Different positions of the same functional group
Define a functional group
Group of atoms which give a organic compound its properties and reactions
Define a free radical
A species with an unpaired electron from the result of homolytic bond breaking which are highly reactive
Define nucleophiles
Ions or molecules which attack positive rich nucleus in molecules. Generally negative ions or molecules
Define electrophiles
Ions or molecules which attatck negative ions in molecules
Define cis isomers
Similar groups on same side of the double bond
Define trans-isomers
Similar groups on opposite sides of the double bond
What part of a organic compound is reactive?
The functional group
What is the functional group for alcohols
-OH e.g. ehthanol
What is the functional group for Alkenes
A C=C double carbon-carbon bond e.g. ethene
What is the functional group for halogens?
R-X where X is a halogen ;Cl,Br,I and F e.g. chloroethane
What is the functional group for esters?
C-O-C e.g. methoxymethane
What is the functional group for aldehydes?
-CHO e.g. ethanal
What is the functional group for ketones?
C=O e.g. propanone
What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?
-COOH e.g. ethanoic acid
What are some methods to decrease the risk of potential hazards?
- Working in a smaller scale
- Taking precautions
- Careful use of safety measures
- Alternative methods
Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated?
saturated - no double bonds
What is fractional distillation?
- Converting crude oil into more specific alkanes
- Done by heating a furnace where the crude oil vapourises
- Vapour condenses at each section below its melting temperature
What are the alkanes from fractional distillation?
- Refinery gas
- Gasoline
- Kerosone
- Diesel oil
- Residue
What is catalytic cracking?
- Converts heavier fractions from fractional distillation into more usefuel hydrocarbons
- Uses Zeolite
- Synthetic catalyst used
What is reforming?
- Coverts straight chain and cyclic alkanes into arenes
- Hydrogen is the valuable product
- Catalyst used is normally platinum or rhodium
- Or inert material such as aluminium oxide
What reactions can alkanes undergo?
- Combustion
- Free radical substitutions
Explain the reaction alkanes undergo under oxygen
- Combustion
- Alkanes are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water
- Reaction is exothermic
- Insufficient oxygen is incomplete combustion which produces carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
What are the three stages for the free radical substitution?
- Initiation
- Propogation
- Termination
Why are alkenes reactive?
Due to the double bond
Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?
Unsaturated
What are sigma bonds?
Carbon-carbon single bonds
What does a sigma bond allow?
Rotation and electron cloud to be symmetrical along the axis
How is a sigma bond formed?
Overlap of two orbitals e.g. a s and p orbital or two p orbitals
What type of bonds are present in a double bond?
Sigma and pi bonds
How is a pi bond formed?
Overlap of two p orbitals sideways
What is the electron density like in a pi bond?
Two regions, above and below the the molecules on either side of the nucleus
What do pi bonds restrict?
bond rotation
What does a lack of rotation give rise to?
Cis and trans isomers
What system is present if cis and trans isomers do not work?
E and Z isomerism
Why is E-Z used over cis and trans ?
If there isnt a molecule that are the same either side of the nucleus
What is the difference between E and Z isomers
- The molecules bonded to the carbons must be assesed
- The molecule with the greater atomic number is prioritised
- If the molecules with the greater priority is on the same side, it is a Z isomer
- If the moelcules with the greater priority is on opposite sides, it is a E isomer
