Unit 1 List 2 Cell Energy Flashcards
Autotroph
an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemical
Light Reactions
the process of photosynthesis that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP
Chlorophyll
any of several related green pigments found in the chloroplasts of algae and plants
Photosynthesis
the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar
Calvin cycle
cycle of enzyme-catalyzed dark reactions of photosynthesis that occurs in the chloroplasts of plants
Electron Transport Chain
a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient
NADPH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Pigment
the natural coloring matter of animal or plant tissue.
Granum
one of the stacks of chlorophyll-containing material in plant chloroplasts
Stomata
a pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs
Carbon Fixation
process by which plants and algae convert the carbon found in inorganic molecules
Heterotrophs
an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
Thylakoids
each of a number of flattened sacs inside a chloroplast,
Carotenoids
any of a class of mainly yellow, orange, or red fat-soluble pigments, including carotene,
Mitochondrial matrix
the mitochondrion internal spaces enclosed by the inner membrane.
Aerobic respiration
A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)
Fermentation
the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
NAD+
a coenzyme for redox reactions
Alcoholic fermentation
process by which sugar is converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide
Glycolysis
glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen.
ADP
automatic data processing
NADH
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)
Anaerobic respiration
he oxidation of organic or inorganic substrates for ATP synthesis
Cellular respiration
a metabolic pathway that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Krebs cycle
a sequence of reactions in the living organism in which oxidation of acetic acid or acetyl equivalent provides energy for storage in phosphate bonds
Pyruvic acid
an acid that is formed from carbohydrates during the process of glycolysis
Citric acid
an organic compound with the skeletal formula HOC(CO 2H)(CH 2CO 2H) 2
ATP
the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level
