Unit 1 - LAA2 - In-Groups & Out-Groups Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by social categorisation?

A

when people split into different social groups based on shared characteristics

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2
Q

What is the key term for people splitting into different groups based on shared characteristics

A

social categorisation

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3
Q

What type of shared characteristics might people group themselves on?

A

age, gender, ethnicity, race, religion

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4
Q

What is an in group?

A

a group that you belong to based on shared characteristics

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5
Q

What is an out group?

A

a group that is different to your group based on differencing characteristics

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6
Q

What happens when in and outgroups are created?

A

schemas (ideas/beliefs) are generated which creates expectations of the other groups behaviour

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7
Q

What do we use schemas (ideas/beliefs) for after in and outgroups are created?

A

we use them to create assumptions about the people who belong to that group

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8
Q

How can the assumptions about in and outgroups be negative?

A

it can create hostility between the two groups

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9
Q

Overall, what does categorisation lead to?

A

it leads to superficial judgements about the groups and influences your behaviour towards them.

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10
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

A fixed belief that is an overgeneralisation about a group of people

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11
Q

What is the key term for a fixed belief that is an overgeneralisation about a group of people?

A

a stereotype

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12
Q

Can a stereotype only be negative?

A

No they can also be positive

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13
Q

What types of stereotypes can you have?

A

Positive and Negative stereotypes

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14
Q

What are the dangers of stereotypes?

A

They influence our belief and behaviour towards different groups of people

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15
Q

How can stereotypes be positive?

A

it can act as a mental shortcut to navigate new/dangerous situations

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16
Q

What can stereotypes lead to?

A

Prejudice and Discrimination

17
Q

What two ways do stereotypes form?

A

Social categorisation and social learning theory

18
Q

How do stereotypes form from social categorisation?

A

by outlining in and out groups, stereotypes get reinforced by fellow members

19
Q

How do stereotypes form from social learning theory?

A

We learn the stereotypes by observing the behaviour of role models

20
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

the observation and imitation of the behaviour of a role model i.e., celebrity, family member or member of a group

21
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

When we observe a role model being praised for behaviour, we want to repeat the behaviour to seek the same reward

22
Q

How can we see vicarious reinforcement with stereotypes?

A

if a child hears a parent telling racist joke, they may enjoy their reaction (laughing) in which the parent received vicarious reinforcement (they are encouraged to repeat the behaviour)

23
Q

What is meant by prejudice?

A

a feeling/attitude (usually negative) towards a person based on their perceived group membership not based on facts

24
Q

What is meant by discrimination?

A

the unjust or prejudicial treatment/action towards different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability.

25
Q

What is the often the result of social categorisation and social learning theory?

A

observation and imitation of stereotypes

26
Q

What is the common stereotype about people in hoodies?

A

that they are young, criminal, shady etc

27
Q

How might a negative stereotype of a young person in a hoodie influence a persons behaviour?

A

Might act more submissive or more aggressive in fear of violence from the young person

28
Q

Why are stereotypes and in/outgroup behaviour important in our understanding of social categorisation?

A

we can use it to explain phenomena like football hooliganism, riot behaviour etc.

29
Q

What can we use social categorisation to explain?

A

football hooliganism, group behaviour, riot behaviour, bystander effect etc.

30
Q

What has in and out group behaviour been linked too?

A

prejudice and discrimination in society, such as racism and sexism.