Unit 1 - LAA2 - In-Groups & Out-Groups

Question 1

What is meant by social categorisation?

Answer 1

when people split into different social groups based on shared characteristics

Question 2

What is the key term for people splitting into different groups based on shared characteristics

Answer 2

social categorisation

Question 3

What type of shared characteristics might people group themselves on?

Answer 3

age, gender, ethnicity, race, religion

Question 4

What is an in group?

Answer 4

a group that you belong to based on shared characteristics

Question 5

What is an out group?

Answer 5

a group that is different to your group based on differencing characteristics

Question 6

What happens when in and outgroups are created?

Answer 6

schemas (ideas/beliefs) are generated which creates expectations of the other groups behaviour

Question 7

What do we use schemas (ideas/beliefs) for after in and outgroups are created?

Answer 7

we use them to create assumptions about the people who belong to that group

Question 8

How can the assumptions about in and outgroups be negative?

Answer 8

it can create hostility between the two groups

Question 9

Overall, what does categorisation lead to?

Answer 9

it leads to superficial judgements about the groups and influences your behaviour towards them.

Question 10

What is a stereotype?

Answer 10

A fixed belief that is an overgeneralisation about a group of people

Question 11

What is the key term for a fixed belief that is an overgeneralisation about a group of people?

Answer 11

a stereotype

Question 12

Can a stereotype only be negative?

Answer 12

No they can also be positive

Question 13

What types of stereotypes can you have?

Answer 13

Positive and Negative stereotypes

Question 14

What are the dangers of stereotypes?

Answer 14

They influence our belief and behaviour towards different groups of people

Question 15

How can stereotypes be positive?

Answer 15

it can act as a mental shortcut to navigate new/dangerous situations

Question 16

What can stereotypes lead to?

Answer 16

Prejudice and Discrimination

Question 17

What two ways do stereotypes form?

Answer 17

Social categorisation and social learning theory

Question 18

How do stereotypes form from social categorisation?

Answer 18

by outlining in and out groups, stereotypes get reinforced by fellow members

Question 19

How do stereotypes form from social learning theory?

Answer 19

We learn the stereotypes by observing the behaviour of role models

Question 20

What is social learning theory?

Answer 20

the observation and imitation of the behaviour of a role model i.e., celebrity, family member or member of a group

Question 21

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 21

When we observe a role model being praised for behaviour, we want to repeat the behaviour to seek the same reward

Question 22

How can we see vicarious reinforcement with stereotypes?

Answer 22

if a child hears a parent telling racist joke, they may enjoy their reaction (laughing) in which the parent received vicarious reinforcement (they are encouraged to repeat the behaviour)

Question 23

What is meant by prejudice?

Answer 23

a feeling/attitude (usually negative) towards a person based on their perceived group membership not based on facts

Question 24

What is meant by discrimination?

Answer 24

the unjust or prejudicial treatment/action towards different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability.

Question 25

What is the often the result of social categorisation and social learning theory?

Answer 25

observation and imitation of stereotypes

Question 26

What is the common stereotype about people in hoodies?

Answer 26

that they are young, criminal, shady etc

Question 27

How might a negative stereotype of a young person in a hoodie influence a persons behaviour?

Answer 27

Might act more submissive or more aggressive in fear of violence from the young person

Question 28

Why are stereotypes and in/outgroup behaviour important in our understanding of social categorisation?

Answer 28

we can use it to explain phenomena like football hooliganism, riot behaviour etc.

Question 29

What can we use social categorisation to explain?

Answer 29

football hooliganism, group behaviour, riot behaviour, bystander effect etc.

Question 30

What has in and out group behaviour been linked too?

Answer 30

prejudice and discrimination in society, such as racism and sexism.