Unit 1 (K2) - Replication/PCR Flashcards

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1
Q

What can the structure of DNA be described as?

A

A double helix

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2
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

A deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous base.

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3
Q

What are the complimentary base pairs?

A

Adenine to Thymine, and Guanine to Cytosine.

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4
Q

What can be found at the 5’ end of a nucleotide?

A

A phosphate

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5
Q

What can be found at the 3’ end of a nucleotide?

A

A deoxyribose sugar.

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6
Q

What does antiparallel mean?

A

This is where one strand runs from 5’ to 3’ and the other 3’ to 5’.

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7
Q

How are bases on opposing strands connected?

A

Weak hydrogen bonds.

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8
Q

How are nucleotides on the same strand joined?

A

Peptide bonds.

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9
Q

What controls DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase.

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10
Q

What does DNA polymerase need to start replication?

A

Primers

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11
Q

What are primers?

A

A short strand of nucleotides which bind to the 3’ end of the template DNA strand allowing polymerase to add DNA nucleotides.

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12
Q

Where does DNA polymerase attach nucleotides?

A

To the 3’ end of the DNA strand.

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13
Q

What strand is replicated continuously?

A

The leading 3’ strand.

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14
Q

What strand is replicated in fragments (discontinuously)?

A

The lagging 5’ strand.

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15
Q

What enzyme joins the DNA fragments on the lagging strand?

A

Ligase.

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16
Q

In addition to enzymes and primers, what does DNA replication require?

A

ATP and free nucleotides.

17
Q

What is a cellular process for which DNA replication is essential?

A

Mitosis/meiosis

18
Q

What happens during stage 1 of PCR?

A

DNA is heated to between 92 to 98 degrees. This denatures DNA causing the strands to separate.

19
Q

What happens during stage 2 of PCR?

A

Temperature is reduced to 55 degrees to allow primers to bind to target sequences.

20
Q

What happens during stage 3 of PCR?

A

Temperature is increased to 72 degrees to allow heat tolerant DNA polymerase to replicate region of DNA (synthesise new DNA molecules).

21
Q

What is the function of PCR?

A

To amplify DNA

22
Q

What are the amplifications of PCR?

A

Solve crimes using DNA profiling, disease detection (genetic disorders), and for paternity testing.

23
Q

Why is temperature increased during stage 3?

A

To allow heat-tolerant DNA polymerase to add complimentary DNA nucleotides and therefore replicate the DNA.