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Higher Biology > Unit 1 - Human Cells > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Human Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a somatic cell

A

a somatic cell is any cell which is not involved in reproduction

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2
Q

what do somatic cells divide by and what do they form through this

A

somatic cells divide by mitosis to form more somatic cells

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3
Q

what are germline stem cells

A

germline stem cells are gametes (sperm and ova), they are also the stem cells which divide to form gametes

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4
Q

what can germline stem cells divide by

A

germline stem cells divide by mitosis and meiosis

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5
Q

what do germline stem cells produce as they divide by mitosis

A

when germline stem cells divide by mitosis they form more germline stem cells

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6
Q

why do germline stem cells divide by mitosis

A

they divide by mitosis to maintain the diploid chromosome number

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7
Q

how many pairs of homologous chromosomes do diploid cells contain

A

diploid cells contain 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

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8
Q

what does division by meiosis produce

A

haploid gametes

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9
Q

how many divisions are needed in meiosis

A

2 divisions are needed

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10
Q

what are the 2 divisions of meiosis

A

the first division separates homologous chromosomes and the second division separates chromatids

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11
Q

how many chromosomes are present in a haploid cell gamete

A

23 single chromosomes are present in a haploid cell

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12
Q

what is cellular differentiation

A

cellular differentiation is the process by which a cell expresses certain genes to produce proteins characteristic for that type of cell. This allows a cell to carry out specialised functions

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13
Q

define pluripotent

A

pluripotent cells are cells which can differentiate into all the cell types that make up an individual cell.

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14
Q

are embryonic stem cells multipotent or pluripotent

A

stem cells are pluripotent meaning they can differentiate into all the cell types that make up an individual cell

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15
Q

what are special about the genes in an embryonic stem cell

A

all the genes are switched on so they can differentiate into any type of cell

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16
Q

what are tissue stem cells involved in

A

tissue stem cells are involved in growth, repair and renewal of cells found in that tissue

17
Q

are tissue stem cells multipotent or pluripotent

A

tissue stem cells are multipotent as they can only differentiate into cells found within that tissue

18
Q

where are blood stem cells located

A

they are located in bone marrow

19
Q

what can stem cells located in bone marrow produce

A

red blood cells, phagocytes, lymphocytes and platelets

20
Q

what does the therapeutic use of stem cells involve

A

the therapeutic use of stem cells include the repair of damaged or diseased organs or tissues

21
Q

what are examples of therapeutic uses of stem cells

A

regeneration of damaged skin and the repair of the cornea

22
Q

what is stem cells involvement in research

A

they are involved by being used as model cells to study how diseases develop or used as model cells for drug testing

23
Q

what can happen in the right conditions to embryonic stem cells in a lab

A

embryonic stem cells are able to self renew under the right conditions in a lab

24
Q

what information can stem cells provide

A

stem cells can provide information on how cells processes such as growth, differentiation and gene regulation work

25
Q

what is ethical issue of embryonic stem cells

A

embryonic stem cells can offer effective treatment of diseases and injury however, it involves the destruction of embryos

26
Q

why do cancer cells divide excessively

A

cancer cells divide excessively because they do not respond regulatory signals

27
Q

what is a mass of abnormal cells called

A

a mass of abnormal cells is called a tumour

28
Q

what happens when cells within the tumour fail to attach to each other

A

the cancer cells will spread throughout the body where they might create a secondary tumour

Higher Biology (12 decks)

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