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Gross Anatomy 2 > Unit 1 Head And Neck > Flashcards

Unit 1 Head And Neck Flashcards

0
Q

sensory innervation of the face is via branches of the ?

A

trigeminal nerve

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1
Q

what is the motor innervation to the muscules of facial expression?

A

branches of the facial nerve

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2
Q

what are the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve before it emerges onto the face?

A

opthalamic nerve: face and scalp primarily
maxillary nerve: cheek and area lateral to the orbit
mandibular nerve: chin and temporal region

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3
Q

what nerve distributes primarily to the face and scalp?

A

opthalamic nerve, a branch of the trigeminal

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4
Q

what nerve distributes primarily to the cheek and area lateral to the orbit?

A

the maxillary nerve, a branch of the trigeminal

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5
Q

what nerve distributes primarily to the chin and temporal region?

A

the mandibular nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve

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6
Q

the opthalamic nerve subdivides further into what five branches?

A 
supraorbital nerve
supratrochlear nerve
external nasal nerve
infratrochlear nerve
lacrimal nerve
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7
Q

the maxillary nerve further subdivides into what three nerves?

A

zygomaticotemporal nerve
zygomaticofacial nerve
infraorbital nerve

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8
Q

the mandibular nerve further subdivides into what three nerves?

A

auriculotemporal nerve
buccal nerve
mental nerve

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9
Q

injury to what nerve is common with blows to the face, associated with the thin and easily fractured bone of the maxilla?

A

injury to the infraorbitral, branch of the maxillary nerve

  • loss of sensation in the area below orbit
  • common in boxers
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10
Q

what is the condition involving sudden attacks of severe pain brought on by touching the area of face innervated by trigeminal nerve?

A 
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Doloureaux)
-most common in maxiallry division
-can affect mandibular
-Rare in Opthalamic
Etiology is unknown, clinical sign; hypersensation
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11
Q

spinal trigeminal nucleus to C4 is the tract associated with what condition involving hypersensation of the face?

A

trigeminal neuralgia (Tic Doloureaux)

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12
Q

the dorsal primary rami of cervical nerves 2-4 supply the sensory innervation to what area?

A

posterior aspect of the neck and scalp

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13
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the occipital region?

A

greater occipital nerve (dorsal primary ramus of C2)

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14
Q

what is the exact sensory innervation of the upper part of the posterior neck?

A

Occipitalis Tertius or third occipital nerve

dorsal primary ramus of C3

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15
Q

what is the exact sensory innervation of the lower part of the posterior neck?

A

Dorsal primary ramus of C4

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16
Q

C1 has no dorsal root carrying sensory fibers, it is strictly a?

A

motor nerve

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17
Q

the sensory innervation of teh anterior and lateral aspect of the neck is from what nerves?

A

the ventral rami of cervical nerves 2-4

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18
Q

what nerves form the cervical plexus?

A

formed by the ventral primary rami of C1,C2,C3,C4

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19
Q

ventral primary rami of C5,C6,C7, and C8 provide sensory innervation to what part of the body?

A

the skin of the upper limb

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20
Q

the lesser occipital nerve (C2) is the sensory innervation for what?

A

the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear

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21
Q

what nerve sensory supplies the angle of the mandible, and the area inferior to the ear?

A

Great Auricular Nerve (C2,C3)

it accompanies the external jugular vein

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22
Q

the transverse cervical nerve (C2,C3) sensory supplies what area?

A

the anterior surface of the neck (the throat)

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23
Q

what nerve sensory supplies the lateral surface of the neck?

A

Supraclavicular nerve (C3,C4)

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24
Q

what are the three branches of the supraclavicular nerve?

A

1) medial supraclavicular nerve
2) intermediate supraclavicular nerve
3) lateral supraclavicular nerve

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25
Q

the cervical plexus also carries motor fibers to what group of muscles?

A

the infrahyoid (strap) muscles

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26
Q

the motor fibers from the cervical plexus arise from a loop called the?

A

Ansa Cervicalis

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27
Q

what are the two parts of the Ansa Cervicalis?

A

(Descendens Hypoglossi) superior root from C1, or C1 and C2

(Descendens Cervicalis) inferior root from C2, and C3.

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28
Q

which portion of the Ansa Cervicalis descends from the hypoglossal nerve?

A

superior root (descendens Hypoglossi)

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29
Q

which portion of the Ansa Cervicalis descends from cervical nerve branches?

A

(Descendens Cervicalis) inferior root from C2 and C3

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30
Q

the two roots united form the Ansa Cervicalis (C1,C2,C3), which as a whole supplies what three of the four infrahyoid muscles?

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid

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31
Q

where doe sthe fourth infrahyoid muscle receive its innervation?

A

exclusively from C1 through the Hypoglossal nerve

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32
Q

what is the phrenic nerve usually considered part of?

A

the cervical plexus

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33
Q

where does the phrenic nerve originate from?

A

from C3, C4, C5

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34
Q

what does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

it is the sole motor innervation to the diaphragm and sensory to some of the membranes of the thorax and abdomen

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35
Q

what nerve can be found in the neck lying on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle. it runs vertically down the muscles and into the thorax?

A

phrenic nerve

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36
Q

what is the exact sensory innervation of the lower part of the posterior neck?

A

Dorsal primary ramus of C4

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37
Q

C1 has no dorsal root carrying sensory fibers, it is strictly a?

A

motor nerve

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38
Q

the sensory innervation of teh anterior and lateral aspect of the neck is from what nerves?

A

the ventral rami of cervical nerves 2-4

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39
Q

what nerves form the cervical plexus?

A

formed by the ventral primary rami of C1,C2,C3,C4

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40
Q

ventral primary rami of C5,C6,C7, and C8 provide sensory innervation to what part of the body?

A

the skin of the upper limb

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41
Q

the lesser occipital nerve (C2) is the sensory innervation for what?

A

the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear

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42
Q

what nerve sensory supplies the angle of the mandible, and the area inferior to the ear?

A

Great Auricular Nerve (C2,C3)

it accompanies the external jugular vein

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43
Q

the transverse cervical nerve (C2,C3) sensory supplies what area?

A

the anterior surface of the neck (the throat)

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44
Q

what nerve sensory supplies the lateral surface of the neck?

A

Supraclavicular nerve (C3,C4)

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45
Q

what are the three branches of the supraclavicular nerve?

A

1) medial supraclavicular nerve
2) intermediate supraclavicular nerve
3) lateral supraclavicular nerve

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46
Q

the cervical plexus also carries motor fibers to what group of muscles?

A

the infrahyoid (strap) muscles

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47
Q

the motor fibers from the cervical plexus arise from a loop called the?

A

Ansa Cervicalis

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48
Q

what are the two parts of the Ansa Cervicalis?

A

(Descendens Hypoglossi) superior root from C1, or C1 and C2

(Descendens Cervicalis) inferior root from C2, and C3.

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49
Q

which portion of the Ansa Cervicalis descends from the hypoglossal nerve?

A

superior root (descendens Hypoglossi)

50
Q

which portion of the Ansa Cervicalis descends from cervical nerve branches?

A

(Descendens Cervicalis) inferior root from C2 and C3

51
Q

the two roots united form the Ansa Cervicalis (C1,C2,C3), which as a whole supplies what three of the four infrahyoid muscles?

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid

52
Q

where doe sthe fourth infrahyoid muscle receive its innervation?

A

exclusively from C1 through the Hypoglossal nerve

53
Q

what is the phrenic nerve usually considered part of?

A

the cervical plexus

54
Q

where does the phrenic nerve originate from?

A

from C3, C4, C5

55
Q

what does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

it is the sole motor innervation to the diaphragm and sensory to some of the membranes of the thorax and abdomen

56
Q

what nerve can be found in the neck lying on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle. it runs vertically down the muscles and into the thorax?

A

phrenic nerve

57
Q

what are the three tissue layers of the neck?

A

1) Skin
2) superficial cervical Fascia
3) Superficial (Investing) layer of deep cervical fascia

58
Q

what is the thin layer of connective tissue which anteriorly encloses the platysma muscle, and contains cutaneous nerves, superficial veins, and lymph nodes?

A

Superficial Cervical Fascia

60
Q

what is the layer that lies deep to the superficial cervical fascia, and splits to enclose the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?

A

Superficial (Investing) Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia

61
Q

what is the condition of contracture of sternocleidomastoid, also known as (wry-neck)?

A

Torticollis

62
Q

what are some causes of Torticollis?

A

congenital, birth injury, Post-natal (adult) trauma

-usually correctable, responds well to chiropractic care

63
Q

what is the vein that drains the face and scalp, and also contains a large amount of cerebral blood?

A

External jugular vein

64
Q

what two veins form the external jugular vein immediately below the parotid gand?

A

1) retromandibular vein

2) posterior auricular vein

65
Q

what vein runs downward and backward along the lateral surface of the sternocleidomastoid, and empties into either of which two veins?

A

1) subclavian vein

2) internal jugular vein

66
Q

to raise the arm above the head, you need to rotate scapula which requires trapezius. this is called?

A

Scapulohumeral Rhythm

67
Q

what are the six tributaries?

A

1) Retromandibular Vein
2) Posterior Auricular Vein
3) Posterior External Jugular Vein
4) Anterior Jugular Vein
5) Transverse Cervical Vein
6) Suprascapular Vein

68
Q

what is found along the external jugular vein, superficial to the sternocleidomastoid?

A

superficial lymph nodes

69
Q

what boundary is the inferior border of the mandible and a line extending from the angle of the mandible to the mastoid process?

A

the superior boundary of the quadrilateral form of the neck

70
Q

the superior border of the clavicle is what boundary to which triangle?

A

the inferior boundary to the quadrilateral form of the neck

71
Q

what is the anterior boundary of the quadrilateral form of the neck?

A

the anterior midline

72
Q

the anterior border of the trapezius is what boundary of what triangle?

A

the posterior boundary of the quadrilateral form of the neck

73
Q

what divides the neck into two major triangles?

A

sternocleidomastoid

anterior and posterior triangles

74
Q

what is the anterior boundary of the posterior triangle?

A

the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

75
Q

what is the posterior boundary of the posterior triangle?

A

the anterior border of trapezius

76
Q

what is the inferior boundary of the posterior triangle?

A

the superior border of the middle third of the clavicle

77
Q

the apex of the posterior triangle lies superiorly, where the borders of what two muscles meet?

A

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

78
Q

what forms the roof of the posterior triangle (external boundary)?

A

superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia
the superficial cervical fascia
the platysma

79
Q

what forms the floor of the posterior triangle (internal Boundary)?

A 
splenius capitis
levator scapulae
scalenus posterior
scalenus medius
scalenus anterior
80
Q

the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle crosses the posterior triangle, dividing it into what two smaller triangles?

A 
Occipital Triangle (above omohyoid)
Supraclavicular or Subclavian Triangle (below omohyoid)
81
Q

what are the arteries of the posterior triangle?

A

1) Third Part of the Subclavian Artery
2) Transverse Cervical Artery
3) Suprascapular Artery
4) Occipital Artery

82
Q

what are the veins of the posterior triangle?

A

External Jugular Vein and its Tributaries

83
Q

what are the nerves of the Posterior Triangle?

A

1) Accessory Nerve
2) Cervical Plexus
3) Brachial Plexus

84
Q

what can cause prominent external jugular vein?

A
  • Congestive heart failure_ weakening of ventricular walls, slower flow, pooling of blood
  • Obstruction of superior vena cava_ drains blood from superior vessels into heart
  • -can come from cancers (tumor)
    • Cardiac Tamponade
85
Q

what are some exceptions where prominent external jugular vein would be okay?

A
  • Opera Singers

- Bagpipe players

86
Q

what is the superior boundary of the anterior triangle?

A

the inferior border of the mandible

87
Q

what is the anterior boundary of the anterior triangle?

A

the anterior midline

88
Q

what is the posterior boundary of the anterior triangle?

A

the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid

89
Q

where does the apex of the anterior triangle lie?

A

lies inferiorly at the jugular notch

90
Q

what forms the roof of the anterior triangle?

A

superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia
superficial cervical fascia
platysma

91
Q

what are the boundaries of the submental triangle?

A

the left and right anterior bellies of the digastric, and the body of the hyoid bone

92
Q

what form the floor of the submental triangle?

A

the mylohyoid muscle

93
Q

what are the contents of the submental triangle?

A

minor veins and lymph nodes

94
Q

what are the boundaries of the Submandibular (Digastric) Triangle?

A

the inferior border of the mandible
the anterior belly of digastric
the posterior belly of digastric

95
Q

what forms the floor of the submandibular triangle?

A

the mylohyoid and hypoglossus muscles

96
Q

what are the contents of the submandibular triangle?

A 
the submandibular gland
the internal carotid artery
facial artery
internal jugular vein
glossopharyngeal nerve
vagus nerve
97
Q

what are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

A

the posterior belly of the digastric
the superior belly of omohyoid
the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

98
Q

what forms the floor of the carotid triangle?

A

portions of the thyrohyoid
hyoglossus
inferior and middle constrictor muscles

99
Q

what are the contents of the carotid triangle?

A

parts of the common and internal carotid arteries
the external carotid artery and three of its branches: the superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, and facial artery.
Also contained within the carotid triangle are the corresponding tributaries of the internal jugular vein

100
Q

what are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?

A

the superior belly of omohyoid
anterior midline of the neck
the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid

101
Q

what forms the floor of the muscular triangle?

A

posterior layer of pretracheal fascia

102
Q

what are the contents of the muscular triangle?

A

sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles
thyroid gland
trachea
esophagus

103
Q

what bone is broken in strangulation?

A

hyoid bone

104
Q

what bone is located between the mandible and larynx, and serves as a point of attachment for many muscles?

A

hyoid bone

105
Q

what are the parts of the hyoid bone?

A

body
greater cornu
lesser cornu

106
Q

what is the primary function of the infrahyoid muscle?

A

to move the hyoid bone and larynx

107
Q

what are the four ribbon like muscles which attach to the hyoid bone?

A

Infrahyoid muscle

1) Omohyoid
2) Sternohyoid
3) Sternothyroid
4) Thyrohyoid

108
Q

what two muscles make up the superficial layer of infrahyoid muscles?

A

Omohyoid

Sternohyoid

109
Q

what two muscles make up the deep layer of infrahyoid muscles?

A

sternothyroid

thyrohyoid

110
Q

Why all the muscles to depress the hyoid bone and larynx?

A

swallowing
speech
breathing
if hyoid bone is fixed, changes function of digastric to open mouth

111
Q

what is fascia?

A

a dense, sheet like layer of connective tissue

112
Q

what surrounds and supports both the superficial and deep structures of the neck?

A

cervical fascia

113
Q

the cervical fascia consists of what two major layers?

A

the superficial cervical fascia

the deep cervical fascia

114
Q

what are the four parts that subdivide the deep cervical fascia?

A

1) superficial (Investing) layer of the deep cervcial fascia
2) Pretracheal Fascia
3) Prevertebral
4) Carotid sheath

115
Q

what is the layer of deep cervical fascia that lies deep to the superficial cervical fascia, and splits to enclose the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?

A

Superficial (investing) layer of the deep cervical fascia

116
Q

what is the deep cervical fascia layer that encloses the thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus?

A

Pretracheal Fascia

117
Q

what is the deep cervical fascia layer that encloses the vertebral column and the deep muscles of the back?

A

Prevertebral Fascia

118
Q

what is the deep cervical fascia layer that is a cylinder of fascia which extends from the base of the skull to the root of the neck?

A

Carotid Sheath

119
Q

what is contained within the Carotid Sheath?

A

1) Common Carotid Artery
2) Internal Carotid Artery
3) Internal Jugular Vein
4) Vagus Nerve
5) Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes

120
Q

what is the function and clinical significance of fascial layers?

A
  • Provides a slippery surface to reduce friction between structures during movements of the head and neck as a whole, swallowing or breathing
  • clinical significance: a channel for infection
121
Q

inflammation of fascial layers may cause adhesions between layers resulting in?

A

neck pain

-chiropractors may use myofascial release

122
Q

how does the fascial layers prevent lateral spread of infection?

A

the infection will not move between layers, instead they travel down

123
Q

the pretracheal fascia can allow an infection to spread from the head and neck to?

A

mediastinum directly

124
Q

within the carotid sheath, lymph nodes may enlarge due to cancers, which may compress what vessel?

A

internal jugular vein

Gross Anatomy 2 (6 decks)

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