Unit 1 Head And Neck Flashcards
sensory innervation of the face is via branches of the ?
trigeminal nerve
what is the motor innervation to the muscules of facial expression?
branches of the facial nerve
what are the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve before it emerges onto the face?
opthalamic nerve: face and scalp primarily
maxillary nerve: cheek and area lateral to the orbit
mandibular nerve: chin and temporal region
what nerve distributes primarily to the face and scalp?
opthalamic nerve, a branch of the trigeminal
what nerve distributes primarily to the cheek and area lateral to the orbit?
the maxillary nerve, a branch of the trigeminal
what nerve distributes primarily to the chin and temporal region?
the mandibular nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve
the opthalamic nerve subdivides further into what five branches?
supraorbital nerve supratrochlear nerve external nasal nerve infratrochlear nerve lacrimal nerve
the maxillary nerve further subdivides into what three nerves?
zygomaticotemporal nerve
zygomaticofacial nerve
infraorbital nerve
the mandibular nerve further subdivides into what three nerves?
auriculotemporal nerve
buccal nerve
mental nerve
injury to what nerve is common with blows to the face, associated with the thin and easily fractured bone of the maxilla?
injury to the infraorbitral, branch of the maxillary nerve
- loss of sensation in the area below orbit
- common in boxers
what is the condition involving sudden attacks of severe pain brought on by touching the area of face innervated by trigeminal nerve?
Trigeminal Neuralgia (Tic Doloureaux) -most common in maxiallry division -can affect mandibular -Rare in Opthalamic Etiology is unknown, clinical sign; hypersensation
spinal trigeminal nucleus to C4 is the tract associated with what condition involving hypersensation of the face?
trigeminal neuralgia (Tic Doloureaux)
the dorsal primary rami of cervical nerves 2-4 supply the sensory innervation to what area?
posterior aspect of the neck and scalp
what is the sensory innervation of the occipital region?
greater occipital nerve (dorsal primary ramus of C2)
what is the exact sensory innervation of the upper part of the posterior neck?
Occipitalis Tertius or third occipital nerve
dorsal primary ramus of C3
what is the exact sensory innervation of the lower part of the posterior neck?
Dorsal primary ramus of C4
C1 has no dorsal root carrying sensory fibers, it is strictly a?
motor nerve
the sensory innervation of teh anterior and lateral aspect of the neck is from what nerves?
the ventral rami of cervical nerves 2-4
what nerves form the cervical plexus?
formed by the ventral primary rami of C1,C2,C3,C4
ventral primary rami of C5,C6,C7, and C8 provide sensory innervation to what part of the body?
the skin of the upper limb
the lesser occipital nerve (C2) is the sensory innervation for what?
the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear
what nerve sensory supplies the angle of the mandible, and the area inferior to the ear?
Great Auricular Nerve (C2,C3)
it accompanies the external jugular vein
the transverse cervical nerve (C2,C3) sensory supplies what area?
the anterior surface of the neck (the throat)
what nerve sensory supplies the lateral surface of the neck?
Supraclavicular nerve (C3,C4)
what are the three branches of the supraclavicular nerve?
1) medial supraclavicular nerve
2) intermediate supraclavicular nerve
3) lateral supraclavicular nerve
the cervical plexus also carries motor fibers to what group of muscles?
the infrahyoid (strap) muscles
the motor fibers from the cervical plexus arise from a loop called the?
Ansa Cervicalis
what are the two parts of the Ansa Cervicalis?
(Descendens Hypoglossi) superior root from C1, or C1 and C2
(Descendens Cervicalis) inferior root from C2, and C3.
which portion of the Ansa Cervicalis descends from the hypoglossal nerve?
superior root (descendens Hypoglossi)
which portion of the Ansa Cervicalis descends from cervical nerve branches?
(Descendens Cervicalis) inferior root from C2 and C3
the two roots united form the Ansa Cervicalis (C1,C2,C3), which as a whole supplies what three of the four infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
where doe sthe fourth infrahyoid muscle receive its innervation?
exclusively from C1 through the Hypoglossal nerve
what is the phrenic nerve usually considered part of?
the cervical plexus
where does the phrenic nerve originate from?
from C3, C4, C5
what does the phrenic nerve innervate?
it is the sole motor innervation to the diaphragm and sensory to some of the membranes of the thorax and abdomen
what nerve can be found in the neck lying on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle. it runs vertically down the muscles and into the thorax?
phrenic nerve
what is the exact sensory innervation of the lower part of the posterior neck?
Dorsal primary ramus of C4
C1 has no dorsal root carrying sensory fibers, it is strictly a?
motor nerve
the sensory innervation of teh anterior and lateral aspect of the neck is from what nerves?
the ventral rami of cervical nerves 2-4
what nerves form the cervical plexus?
formed by the ventral primary rami of C1,C2,C3,C4
ventral primary rami of C5,C6,C7, and C8 provide sensory innervation to what part of the body?
the skin of the upper limb
the lesser occipital nerve (C2) is the sensory innervation for what?
the lateral part of the occipital region, posterior to the ear
what nerve sensory supplies the angle of the mandible, and the area inferior to the ear?
Great Auricular Nerve (C2,C3)
it accompanies the external jugular vein
the transverse cervical nerve (C2,C3) sensory supplies what area?
the anterior surface of the neck (the throat)
what nerve sensory supplies the lateral surface of the neck?
Supraclavicular nerve (C3,C4)
what are the three branches of the supraclavicular nerve?
1) medial supraclavicular nerve
2) intermediate supraclavicular nerve
3) lateral supraclavicular nerve
the cervical plexus also carries motor fibers to what group of muscles?
the infrahyoid (strap) muscles
the motor fibers from the cervical plexus arise from a loop called the?
Ansa Cervicalis
what are the two parts of the Ansa Cervicalis?
(Descendens Hypoglossi) superior root from C1, or C1 and C2
(Descendens Cervicalis) inferior root from C2, and C3.
which portion of the Ansa Cervicalis descends from the hypoglossal nerve?
superior root (descendens Hypoglossi)
which portion of the Ansa Cervicalis descends from cervical nerve branches?
(Descendens Cervicalis) inferior root from C2 and C3
the two roots united form the Ansa Cervicalis (C1,C2,C3), which as a whole supplies what three of the four infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
where doe sthe fourth infrahyoid muscle receive its innervation?
exclusively from C1 through the Hypoglossal nerve
what is the phrenic nerve usually considered part of?
the cervical plexus
where does the phrenic nerve originate from?
from C3, C4, C5
what does the phrenic nerve innervate?
it is the sole motor innervation to the diaphragm and sensory to some of the membranes of the thorax and abdomen
what nerve can be found in the neck lying on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle. it runs vertically down the muscles and into the thorax?
phrenic nerve
what are the three tissue layers of the neck?
1) Skin
2) superficial cervical Fascia
3) Superficial (Investing) layer of deep cervical fascia
what is the thin layer of connective tissue which anteriorly encloses the platysma muscle, and contains cutaneous nerves, superficial veins, and lymph nodes?
Superficial Cervical Fascia
what is the layer that lies deep to the superficial cervical fascia, and splits to enclose the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
Superficial (Investing) Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia
what is the condition of contracture of sternocleidomastoid, also known as (wry-neck)?
Torticollis
what are some causes of Torticollis?
congenital, birth injury, Post-natal (adult) trauma
-usually correctable, responds well to chiropractic care
what is the vein that drains the face and scalp, and also contains a large amount of cerebral blood?
External jugular vein
what two veins form the external jugular vein immediately below the parotid gand?
1) retromandibular vein
2) posterior auricular vein
what vein runs downward and backward along the lateral surface of the sternocleidomastoid, and empties into either of which two veins?
1) subclavian vein
2) internal jugular vein
to raise the arm above the head, you need to rotate scapula which requires trapezius. this is called?
Scapulohumeral Rhythm
what are the six tributaries?
1) Retromandibular Vein
2) Posterior Auricular Vein
3) Posterior External Jugular Vein
4) Anterior Jugular Vein
5) Transverse Cervical Vein
6) Suprascapular Vein
what is found along the external jugular vein, superficial to the sternocleidomastoid?
superficial lymph nodes
what boundary is the inferior border of the mandible and a line extending from the angle of the mandible to the mastoid process?
the superior boundary of the quadrilateral form of the neck
the superior border of the clavicle is what boundary to which triangle?
the inferior boundary to the quadrilateral form of the neck
what is the anterior boundary of the quadrilateral form of the neck?
the anterior midline
the anterior border of the trapezius is what boundary of what triangle?
the posterior boundary of the quadrilateral form of the neck
what divides the neck into two major triangles?
sternocleidomastoid
anterior and posterior triangles
what is the anterior boundary of the posterior triangle?
the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
what is the posterior boundary of the posterior triangle?
the anterior border of trapezius
what is the inferior boundary of the posterior triangle?
the superior border of the middle third of the clavicle
the apex of the posterior triangle lies superiorly, where the borders of what two muscles meet?
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
what forms the roof of the posterior triangle (external boundary)?
superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia
the superficial cervical fascia
the platysma
what forms the floor of the posterior triangle (internal Boundary)?
splenius capitis levator scapulae scalenus posterior scalenus medius scalenus anterior
the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle crosses the posterior triangle, dividing it into what two smaller triangles?
Occipital Triangle (above omohyoid) Supraclavicular or Subclavian Triangle (below omohyoid)
what are the arteries of the posterior triangle?
1) Third Part of the Subclavian Artery
2) Transverse Cervical Artery
3) Suprascapular Artery
4) Occipital Artery
what are the veins of the posterior triangle?
External Jugular Vein and its Tributaries
what are the nerves of the Posterior Triangle?
1) Accessory Nerve
2) Cervical Plexus
3) Brachial Plexus
what can cause prominent external jugular vein?
- Congestive heart failure_ weakening of ventricular walls, slower flow, pooling of blood
- Obstruction of superior vena cava_ drains blood from superior vessels into heart
- -can come from cancers (tumor)
- Cardiac Tamponade
what are some exceptions where prominent external jugular vein would be okay?
- Opera Singers
- Bagpipe players
what is the superior boundary of the anterior triangle?
the inferior border of the mandible
what is the anterior boundary of the anterior triangle?
the anterior midline
what is the posterior boundary of the anterior triangle?
the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
where does the apex of the anterior triangle lie?
lies inferiorly at the jugular notch
what forms the roof of the anterior triangle?
superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia
superficial cervical fascia
platysma
what are the boundaries of the submental triangle?
the left and right anterior bellies of the digastric, and the body of the hyoid bone
what form the floor of the submental triangle?
the mylohyoid muscle
what are the contents of the submental triangle?
minor veins and lymph nodes
what are the boundaries of the Submandibular (Digastric) Triangle?
the inferior border of the mandible
the anterior belly of digastric
the posterior belly of digastric
what forms the floor of the submandibular triangle?
the mylohyoid and hypoglossus muscles
what are the contents of the submandibular triangle?
the submandibular gland the internal carotid artery facial artery internal jugular vein glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve
what are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?
the posterior belly of the digastric
the superior belly of omohyoid
the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
what forms the floor of the carotid triangle?
portions of the thyrohyoid
hyoglossus
inferior and middle constrictor muscles
what are the contents of the carotid triangle?
parts of the common and internal carotid arteries
the external carotid artery and three of its branches: the superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, and facial artery.
Also contained within the carotid triangle are the corresponding tributaries of the internal jugular vein
what are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?
the superior belly of omohyoid
anterior midline of the neck
the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
what forms the floor of the muscular triangle?
posterior layer of pretracheal fascia
what are the contents of the muscular triangle?
sternohyoid and sternothyroid muscles
thyroid gland
trachea
esophagus
what bone is broken in strangulation?
hyoid bone
what bone is located between the mandible and larynx, and serves as a point of attachment for many muscles?
hyoid bone
what are the parts of the hyoid bone?
body
greater cornu
lesser cornu
what is the primary function of the infrahyoid muscle?
to move the hyoid bone and larynx
what are the four ribbon like muscles which attach to the hyoid bone?
Infrahyoid muscle
1) Omohyoid
2) Sternohyoid
3) Sternothyroid
4) Thyrohyoid
what two muscles make up the superficial layer of infrahyoid muscles?
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
what two muscles make up the deep layer of infrahyoid muscles?
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
Why all the muscles to depress the hyoid bone and larynx?
swallowing
speech
breathing
if hyoid bone is fixed, changes function of digastric to open mouth
what is fascia?
a dense, sheet like layer of connective tissue
what surrounds and supports both the superficial and deep structures of the neck?
cervical fascia
the cervical fascia consists of what two major layers?
the superficial cervical fascia
the deep cervical fascia
what are the four parts that subdivide the deep cervical fascia?
1) superficial (Investing) layer of the deep cervcial fascia
2) Pretracheal Fascia
3) Prevertebral
4) Carotid sheath
what is the layer of deep cervical fascia that lies deep to the superficial cervical fascia, and splits to enclose the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?
Superficial (investing) layer of the deep cervical fascia
what is the deep cervical fascia layer that encloses the thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus?
Pretracheal Fascia
what is the deep cervical fascia layer that encloses the vertebral column and the deep muscles of the back?
Prevertebral Fascia
what is the deep cervical fascia layer that is a cylinder of fascia which extends from the base of the skull to the root of the neck?
Carotid Sheath
what is contained within the Carotid Sheath?
1) Common Carotid Artery
2) Internal Carotid Artery
3) Internal Jugular Vein
4) Vagus Nerve
5) Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes
what is the function and clinical significance of fascial layers?
- Provides a slippery surface to reduce friction between structures during movements of the head and neck as a whole, swallowing or breathing
- clinical significance: a channel for infection
inflammation of fascial layers may cause adhesions between layers resulting in?
neck pain
-chiropractors may use myofascial release
how does the fascial layers prevent lateral spread of infection?
the infection will not move between layers, instead they travel down
the pretracheal fascia can allow an infection to spread from the head and neck to?
mediastinum directly
within the carotid sheath, lymph nodes may enlarge due to cancers, which may compress what vessel?
internal jugular vein
