UNIT 1 EXAM Flashcards
define independent variable
is deliberately manipulated by experimenter
define dependant variable
what is being measured in the experiment. its value relies on the IV
define operationalisation
the variable is stated in terms that show how its measured (age in total months, the number of aggressive responses in an observed 30 minute period)
define extraneous variable
a variable other than the IV that causes change to the DV
define confounding variable
an EV that invalidates the results
define population
group we wish to draw conclusions from
define sample
smaller number of individuals from the population
state the types of participant selection
random sampling, stratified sampling, convenience sampling
define random sampling
every member of population has equal chance of selection
define stratified sampling
ensuring that the random sample represents the diversity of the population
define convenience sampling
participants are chosen to easier accessibility
define experimental group
receives the IV. purpose is to show the. effects of the IV on the value of the DV
define control group
aren’t exposed to IV. purpose is to form a basis for comparison to experimental group
state the experimental designs
repeated measures, matched participants, independent groups
define repeated measures
each participant is member of control group and experimental group
define matched participants
researcher identifies a variable that is a likely confound and eliminates the effects of this variable
define independent group
allocates participants to the control group or experimental group at random
define qualitative data
descriptions of characteristics (emotional state)
define quantitative data
data value takes numerical form and refers to measurement
state the types of data collection
observation, interview, questionnaires, psychological tests, cross sectional studies, technology in data collection, longitudinal studies
define the absolute threshold
the minimum amount of stimulus energy needed for an observer to perceive a stimulus, in ideal conditions 50% of the time
state the 5 tastes
umami, salty, sweet, sour, bitter
define perceptual constancies
enable us to maintain a stable perception of a stimulus, although its image on the retina may change
define size constancy
we maintain a constant perception of an objects size even though the size of the image on the retina changes
define shape constancy
an object is perceived to maintain its known shape despite the changing perspective from which it is viewed
state the gestalt principles
figure ground, phi phenomenon, similarity, proximity, closure, camouflage
define figure ground
seeing lines and associating It with an image we have previously seen
define phi phenomenon
associating cartoon or drawn shapes with things that look similar
define camouflage
object blends into its background
define closure
we automatically fill in gaps Between broken shapes to perceive a complete image
define similarity
grouping together to provide a whole single unit
define proximity
when individual parts are closer together we tend to perceive them as whole
state the binocular depth cues
retinal disparity and convergence
state the monocular depth cues
accomodation
define retinal disparity
the difference of the image on each retina gives an indication of distance
define convergence
the muscular force required to focus on an object
define accomodation
adjustment of lens in eye suggests distance
explain the ponzo illusion
the upper horizontal line in each diagram is perceived to be longer than the lower horizontal line. this is due to linear perspective and height in the visual field
explain the muller lyer illusion
two lines of equal length. one has regular arrow heads on each end but the other has inverted arrow heads. the line with the inverted arrow heads is perceived to be longer
explain the Ames room illusion
shows that we maintain shape constancy at the expense of size constancy
define perceptual set
our expectations influence our perception of flavours and taste
define synaesthesia
the presentation of a stimulus from one sensory system automatically triggers a perception in a second sensory system
define person perception
the process of forming impressions of others. it can be reliable but can also cause us to form incorrect impressions
define attributions
inferences that we make about the cause of events, behaviour of others, or our own behavior
define stereotyping
when a person assumes certain groups have particular characteristics that are typical of them. it involves categorising people into groups usually based on appearance, then assuming all group members are the same
define attitudes
a learned, stable and enduring evaluation of a person, object or idea that can affect an individuals behaviour
tri component model
affect, behaviour (action), cognition (think)
define implicit attitude
an individual is unaware they have the attitude until it is demonstrated by their behaviour
define explicit attitude
an individual is aware of their attitude and displays it
define prejudice
a negative attitude about a group of people based on incorrect or insufficient information
prejudice and the tri component model
affect: feelings of hostility toward a group, behaviour: the act of discriminating, cognitive: the belief that all group members are the same
define discrimination
the behaviour or acton that reflects a negative attitude
state the types of discrimination
reluctance to help, tokenism, reverse discrimination
define reluctance to help
declining to help a group of people
define tokenism
publicly making trivial assistance to a minority group in order to avoid accusations of prejudice
reverse discrimination
publicly favouring a minority group to avoid accusations of prejudice
effects of prejudice/discrimination
reduced self esteem, violence and genocide, self fulfilling prophecies, failure and disadvantage
state the ways prejudice can be formed
intergroup conflict, scapegoating, social identity theory, social categorisation
define intergroup conflict
people in groups perceive themselves as better than people in other groups
define scapegoating
frustration of something leads us to blame an innocent person/ people, leading to discrimination towards the group
define social identity theory
people gain self esteem by belonging to a group, and tend to think negatively of other groups
state the ways to prevent or reduce prejudice
education, intergroup contact, direct experience, education, cognitive intervention, setting super ordinate goals
define cognitive intervention
giving people information
define education
being taught to identify prejudice
define super ordinate goals
having conflicting groups come together to work to a common goal
define intergroup contact
direct contact between 2 groups that have prejudice toward each other
define group
2+ people who interact with each other, are influenced by each other and share a common purpose
define power
the ability a person has to get someone else to do something for them
state the types of power
coercive, reward, information, referent, expert, legitimate
define leadership
the ability to manage or regulate other people
