AOS 1 Flashcards
IV
the independent variable is the variable being manipulated or controlled by the experimenter
DV
the dependant variable is the variable being tested and measured
EV
extraneous variables arenas variables that could affect the DV that isn’t the IV. extraneous variables reduce validity
hypothesis
a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for investigation
synaesthesia
when neural connections between sense organs are linked so that detection of a stimulus can be interpreted in two senses
perceptual set
when expectations influence a persons perception and sensation
shape constancy
refers to the fact that we can interpret objects when viewed from any angle.
size constancy
refers to the fact that we maintain a constant perception of an objects size even if the object moves nearer or further away.
phi phenomenon
associating cartoon/drawn shapes with things that look similar (cartoon mouse vs real mouse)
figure ground
seeing lines and associating it with an image we have previously seen
camouflage
blends into background
closure
even though an object may be incomplete, we complete it and associate it as a whole. Preferring complete shapes, we automatically fill in gaps between elements to perceive a complete image; so, we see the whole first.
similarity
group together to provide a ‘whole’ single unit. We seek differences and similarities in an image and link similar elements.
proximity
as individual parts are close to each other we tend to perceive them as ‘whole’. We group closer-together elements, separating them from those farther apart.
gestalt principles
phi phenomenon, proximity, similarity, closure, camouflage, figure ground
pictorial depth cues
linear perspective, height in the visual field, interposition, texture gradient, relative size
linear perspective
where two lines go closer together and therefore you think the image is further away
height in the visual field
a higher object appears further away then one below it
interposition
when one object is behind or partially behind another object, it appears further away
texture gradient
when an object has more detail, it implies that it is closer and vice versa
relative size
when the same object is drawn at different sizes, the smaller one will appear further away
binocular depth cues
retinal disparity and convergence
retinal disparity
the difference of the image on each retina gives an indication of distance
convergence
the muscular force required to focus on an object. More muscle contractions suggest the object is closer
monocular depth cues
accomodation
accomodation
adjustment of lens in eye suggests distance
depth perception
the ability to accurately judge 3D space and distance using cues in the environment.
sensation
the process by which our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to sensory information
perception
the process of giving meaning to sensory information, resulting in our personal interpretation of that information
process of sensation and perception
reception, transduction, transmission, selection, organisation, interpretation
the 5 primary tastes
umami, sweet, salty, bitter, sour
receptors for vision
rods and cones
receptors for taste
tastebuds
rods
responsible for vision in low light and peripheral vision, can only register black and white, can’t register detail (low acuity), and are most sensitive to light of 500nm wavelength
cones
responsible for vision of detail and colour vision, require high levels of light to be able to respond and concentrated in the middle of the retina
tastebuds
10,000 tastebuds in mouth and throat, each taste bad contains 50-150 taste receptor cells that live 10 days
difference between taste and flavour
taste is a sensation as it takes information from all 5 primary tastes, while flavour is a form of perception because we perceive flavour based on multiple senses such as smell and taste.
validity
is when something measures what it aims to measure. it is ensured by testing and measuring the effect of one variable
reliability
when the same results are produced by repeated tests
confounding variable
an extraneous variable that invalidates the results
sample
the participants in a study
sampling
the method of selecting participants for a study
population
the wider group that the sample represents
random sampling
when every member of a population has an equal chance of selection
stratified sampling
ensuring that the random sample represents the diversity of the population
convenience sampling
when participants are easily accessible
experimental condition
the condition where the IV is given/ applied
control condition
condition without the IV
