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Psychology > Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system? What do they include?

A

Central- brain and spinal chord
Peripheral- everything else

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic and autonomic

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3
Q

What do the somatic and autonomic divisions control?

A

Somatic- voluntary (skeletal)

Autonomic- involuntary (smooth muscle and glands)

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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5
Q

What do the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions do?

A

Parasympathetic- “rest and digest”
Sympathetic- “flight or fight”

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6
Q

What are the three types of neurons? What do they do?

A
  1. Motor (Central–>Peripheral)
  2. Sensory (Peripheral–>Central)
  3. Interneuron (inside the central)
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7
Q

Cell body

A

Cell’s life support center

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive messages from other cells

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9
Q

Axon

A

Sends messages away from body

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10
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed up neural impulses

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11
Q

Action potential

A

Critical threshold met sends a signal

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12
Q

Neural impulse

A

Action potential down axon

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13
Q

Glial cells

A

Supporting cells

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14
Q

What type of messengers are neurotransmitter/hormones

A

Chemical

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15
Q

Reflex arc

A

Body responds quickly because nerve doesn’t travel all the way to central nervous system

i.e. when you touch a hot surface

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16
Q

Synaptic gap

A

The gap between the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron and the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron

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17
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messages that are way slower than neurotransmitters because they must go through whole body/bloodstream

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18
Q

Where can hormones and the pituitary gland be found?

A

Endocrine system

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19
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Most influential gland/regulates growth and secretes different hormones

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20
Q

Lesions

A

Destruction of tiny parts of the brain

Can be on purpose or naturally occurring

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21
Q

What are the three main divisions of the brain?

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Hindbrain
  3. Midbrain
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22
Q

Corpus collosum

A

Connects the two cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

Thalamus

A

“Relay center” and decides where specifically the signals go

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24
Q

Limbic system

A

Regulates emotions and drives

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25
Q

Amygdala

A

Aggression and fear

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26
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Helps maintain homeostasis

27
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory

28
Q

Pituitary

A

Master endocrine gland

29
Q

Cerebrum

A

In forebrain/largest region of the brain

30
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Wrinkly stuff on top of cerebrum control and information processing center

31
Q

How many lobes does each hemisphere have?

A

4 lobes each

32
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Speaking, muscle movements, making plans/judgements, personality

Contains the motor cortex

33
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Receives sensory input and body positions

Contains somatosensory cortex

34
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Receives information from the visual fields

35
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory area, receive information from opposite ear

36
Q

Spinal chord

A

Pathway for neural fibers/control simple reflexes

37
Q

Cerebellum

A

Voluntary movement and balance

Hindbrain

38
Q

Motor coretx

A

In the frontal lobe, motor output, opposite side control

39
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

In the parietal lobe, sensory in and out, opposite side receiving

40
Q

Association areas

A

Associated with higher order functioning (math, planning, logic, judgments, etc…)

Only use 10% of brain myth

41
Q

Genetics

A

Focuses on what makes us different

42
Q

Chromosomes

A

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

43
Q

Self regulating genes

A

Genes aren’t always active (expressed) and can interact with the environment

44
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Genetically identical twins/100% the same DNA

45
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Genetically siblings but fraternal twins/50% DNA

46
Q

How are personalities determined?

A

Genetically

47
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of the molecular mechanisms by which environments can influence genetic expression

48
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Focuses on what makes us similar

Based on natural selection

49
Q

Sensation

A

Sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimuli

The data

50
Q

Perception

A

Brain organizes and interprets sensory information

Understanding the data

51
Q

3 similarities between senses

A
  1. Receive sensory stimulation
  2. Transform sensory stimulation into neural impulses
  3. Deliver neural information to the brain
52
Q

Transduction

A

Conversion of one form of energy to another

53
Q

Schema

A

Way that we group information

54
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Diminished sensitivity due to constant stimulation

Not noticing a/c unit until it turns off

55
Q

Perceptual set

A

Mental predisposition to perceive something over another

Context effects, emotions, motivations, schemas, ambiguous sensation

56
Q

Context effects

A

Context (environmental factors) that surrounds an event effects how an event is perceived and remembered

57
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimuli’s energy needed to detect a particular stimulus

58
Q

Difference threshold

A

How much change needs to happen until you notice the change

59
Q

Weber’s law

A

The difference threshold is related to the initial strength of the stimulus

Hearing someone’s phone buzz in class vs at a concert to notice

60
Q

Subliminal stimulus

A

Below the absolute threshold. The perception of stimuli which are presented too weakly or quickly to be recognized consciously

Too fleeting to enable exploitation with subliminal messages

61
Q

Top down approach

A

Perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge

62
Q

What is the difference between top-down and bottom-up

A

Bottom-up processing involves taking in sensory information and processing it to form a coherent understanding of the task at hand. Top-down processing, on the other hand, involves using pre-existing knowledge and context to guide the understanding and execution of the task

63
Q

Bottom-up approach

A

Taking in sensory information and processing it to form a coherent understanding of the task at hand

64
Q

Is subliminal stimulus powerful enough to endure effects on behavior?

A

NO

Psychology (5 decks)

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