Unit 1 Exam Flashcards
isolation
definition
intentional separation & restriction of ill persons with a confirmed contagious, transmittable infection/ disease
basic principles of patient care in isolation
4
- understand how diseases are transmitted and which protective barriers to use
- proper hand hygiene
- proper disposal of PPE & supplies to prevent transmission of infection
- protection of all people at risk of exposure while transporting the pt
PPE
- gowns
- masks
- eye protection
- gloves
how do you choose the correct PPE for a disease/illness?
chosen based on the method of transmission
(contact, droplet, or airborne)
what is the most common method of transmission/ isolation precaution?
contact
who are tier 1 precautions for?
protects all patients in all healthcare settings
standard precautions
who are tier 2 precautions for?
for pts who are suspected of being colonized with a contagious, transmissible pathogen
expanded precautions
what are some infectious agents that tier 1 precautions protect workers from?
- blood
- body fluids
- non-intact skin
- mucus membrans
what 2 things must you do when transporting a pt on isolation precautions?
- notify receiving unit
- cover pt with clean linens & a mask if required
how are infectious agents transmitted in contact precautions?
- direct contact - preson to person
- indirect contact - person to contaminated object to person (fomite)
diseases associated with contact precautions
- MDRO - acinetobacter, pseudomonas, ESBLs, CREs
- VRE
- RSV (resp. illness, but lives on surfaces)
- shingles (localized)
- rotavirus (diarrhea)
- lice
- scabies
- wounds (excessive drainange or open wounds)
diseases associated with special contact precautions
- C-DIFF (Clostridium difficile)
- norovirus
- diarrhea of unkown origin/ or upon admission
diseases associated with droplet precautions
- influenza (flu)
- pertussis (whooping cough)
- bacterial meningitis
diseases associated with airborne precautions
- tuberculosis (TB)
- varicella (chicken pox)
- rubeola (measles)
- disseminated shingles (systemic/widespread or immunocompromised pt)
PPE for contact precautions
- hand hygiene
- gown
- gloves
- clean linens draped if transporting pt
PPE for special precautions
(C-diff)
- hand hygiene (with soap/water after pt care)
- gown
- gloves
- clean linens draped if transporting pt
- use bleach wipes (3 min wet time)
PPE for droplet precautions
- hand hygiene
- surgical mask or mask with eye shield
- clean linens and mask on pt when transporting
- maintain 6 ft social distance
door can be left open due to the 6 ft rule
PPE for airborne precautions
- hand hygiene
- N95 mask
- negative air pressure room, shut at all times
- clean linens and mask on pt when transporting
doff mask outside the room
which isolation precaution would you doff your mask outside the room? why?
airborne precautions
to protect yourself from the contaminated air particles in the room
PPE for contact + droplet precaution
COVID (no aerosolized procedures)
- hand hygiene
- gown
- gloves
- N95
- face shield/ goggles
- door closed
- clean linens and mask on pt when transporting
PPE for special respiratory precaution
COVID (aerosol provedures)
- hand hygiene
- gown
- gloves
- N95
- face shield/ goggles
- negative air pressure room with door closed
- clean linens and mask on pt when transporting
aerosolized procedures
breathing treatments, mechanical ventilation, frequent use of suction
3 factors that are required for a respirator to be effective
- must be worn correctly
- must fit snuggly, no gaps
- must capture at least 95% of air particles
what’s the difference between negative & positive air pressure rooms?
- negative - keeps germs in, air is not circulated into hallways or other pt rooms (COVID)
- positive - keeps germs out, air is continuously cycled/replenished (cancer/ immunocompromised)
which isolation precautions only require a gown & gloves for PPE?
contact & special contact
also the only ones that do not require the pt to wear a mask when trans
which isolation precautions require an N95 mask?
- airborne
- COVID non-aerosolized (contact + droplet)
- COVID aerosolized (special respiratory)
PPE for protective precautions
severly immunoconpromised (cancer)
- hand hygiene
- standard precautions + doctor’s orders (ex: gown, gloves, mask)
- staff/visitor screening
- positive pressure
- no fresh fruit/veg/flowers (reservoirs for infectious agents)
- clean linens and mask on pt when transporting
what is the order to DON PPE?
- gown
- mask
- goggles
- gloves
don and on and on (going up)
infection
when a pathogen invades tissues & multiplies within a host
colonization
presence & multiplication of microorganisms within a host, but without tissue invasion/ damage
communicable disease
that which can be transmitted from one indv. to another
(COVID)
symptomatic infection
when pathogens multiply & cause signs and symptoms of disease
asymptomatic infection
when pathogens multiply, but no clinical signs or symptoms are present
virulence
ability to produce disease
(flu, strep, COVID)
5 methods of infection prevention/ control
- hand hygiene
- barrier techniques (PPE)
- antiseptics (skin)/ disinfectants (objects)
- immunizations/ medications
- conscientious patient care (clean environment)
what type of infections have the highest mortality rate?
healthcare-associated infections
nosocomial infections
7 defense mechanisms against infection
- skin (1st line of defense)
- mouth (saliva breaks down infection, cilia moves particles away)
- eyes (eyelashes, tears)
- respiratory tract (cilia, cough, secretions, nasal hairs)
- urinary tract (excrete things that don’t belong like bacteria, viruses, & chemicals)
- gastrointestinal (GI) tract (normal flora, upper: acidic, lower: basic, GI motility)
- vagina (pH acidity kills unwanted microbes)
6 links in the chain of infection
- infectious agent
- reservoir
- portal of exit
- method of transmission
- portal of entry
- susceptible host
reservoir
any natural setting where growth and reproduction of an infectious agent can occur
water, animals/humans, food, wounds
portal of exit
anything open or leaving the body that can provide an opportunity of transmission
cough/sneeze, urine, saliva, blood, draining wounds
methods of transmission
- direct contact - person to person
- indirect contact - person to contaminated fomite (object)
- respiratory - through air
- vector - insect transmission
portal of entry
any openings that infections can enter
GI-GU tract, skin/wounds, respiratory tract, eyes
susceptible host
anyone at high risk for infection
immunocompromised, young/old, trauma, indwelling devices, wounds, low O2
who was the first practicing epidemiologist?
Florence Nightingale
what was the first school of nursing? when/where?
who organized it?
Nightingale School of Nursing
* St Thomas Hospital – London, England
* July 9, 1860
what was Florence Nightingale known as?
lady with the lamp
she made rounds checking on the soldiers at night
what did Florence Nightingale implement?
sanitation
* instituted sanitation in the battlefield during the Crimean War
what was the earliest type of formal nursing education?
hospital diploma programs
shifted away, now academic nursing degrees are more common
what was the earliest type of formal nursing education?
hospital diploma programs
shifted away, now academic nursing degrees are more common
requirements for an RN education
education
* 2 yr associate, diploma, or baccalaureate degree
continuing & inservice education