Pharm Quiz 2

Question 1

pharmacokinetics word breakdown

Answer 1

pharmakon- drug or poison
kinesis- motion

Question 2

what quesitons should come to mind with pharmacokinetics?

Answer 2

• how does te drug get into the body & where does it go?
• what does the body do to/with the drug?
• how does the body get rid of the drug?

Question 3

process of pharmacokinetics through the body

Answer 3

1. absorption
2. distribution
3. metabolism
4. excretion

Question 4

how do drugs get to their desired location?

Answer 4

through the blood/ blood flow

Question 5

where does the majority of drug metabolism occur?

Answer 5

in the liver

can also occur in the kidney or GI tract

Question 6

where does the majority of drug metabolism occur?

Answer 6

in the liver

can also occur in the kidney or GI tract

Question 7

which organ does excretion mostly occur in?

Answer 7

kidneys

Question 8

absorption

Answer 8

movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood

ex: tylenol is absorbed by GI > blood

Question 9

absorption

Answer 9

movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood

ex: tylenol is absorbed by GI > blood

Question 10

rate

Answer 10

determines how soon effects will take place

how soon

Question 11

amount

Answer 11

determines how intense the effects will be

how intense

Question 12

factors that affect the process of absorption

Answer 12

• rate of dissolution
• surface area
• blood flow
• lipid solubility
• pH partitioning
• route of administration

Question 13

how does rate of dissolution affect absorption?

Answer 13

the quicker it dissolves, the quicker the effect
* dissolvable = quicker
* extended relsease medication (dissolves slower over time) (ER)

Question 14

how does surface area of dissolution affect absorption?

Answer 14

larger surface area where the drug is aborbed affects the rate/amount
* small intestine

drop vs. a lot of eczema cream

Question 15

how does blood flow of dissolution affect absorption?

Answer 15

certain ages/areas of high blood flow would dissolve/take effect sooner

Question 16

how does lipid solubility of dissolution affect absorption?

Answer 16

drugs need to be lipid soluble to enter the blood stream

Question 17

2 groups of routes of administration

Answer 17

• enteral (GI tract)
• parenteral (outside GI tract)

Question 18

enteral (GI tract) medications

Answer 18

oral (PO)

Question 19

parenteral (ouside the GI tract) medications

Answer 19

• intravenous (IV)
• subcutaneous (subQ)
• intramuscular (IM)

injection

Question 20

absorption pattern & barriers to absorption for oral (PO) medications

Answer 20

• absorption pattern: slow & variable
• barriers: epithelial lining of GI tract, capillary wall

Question 21

advantages & distadvantages of oral (PO) medication

Answer 21

ADVANTAGES:
* safer than injection routes (slower absorption, more time to react to abnormalities, generally not monitored)
* ideal for self administration
* easy, convenienet, inexpensive

DISADVANTAGES:
* can cause GI irritation
* requires cooperative patient (age, mental status)
* inactivation (caused by other drugs, food)
* variability

Question 22

PO

latin

Answer 22

*per os

by way of mouth

Question 23

PO

latin

Answer 23

*per os

by way of mouth

Question 24

absorption pattern & barriers to absorption for intravenous (IV) medications

Answer 24

• absorption pattern: instantaneous & complete
• barriers: none (absorption is how drugs get to the blood, it is already there)

Question 25

advantages & disadvantages for intravenous (IV) medications

Answer 25

**ADVANTAGES:** * **rapid onset** * **control** (administrating meds at specific rates) * permits use of **large fluid volumes** * permits use of **irritant drugs** **DISADVANTAGES:** * **high cost, difficulty, inconvenience** * **irreversibilkity** * **infection** * **high risk**

Question 26

which types of medication admin routes have no barriers?

Answer 26

IV, IM, subQ | no barriers to get to the blood

Question 27

which types of medication admin routes have no barriers?

Answer 27

IV, IM, subQ | no barriers to get to the blood

Question 28

absorption pattern & barriers to absorption for **intramuscular (IM) & subcutaneous (subQ) medications**

Answer 28

* **absorption pattern:** variable (water solubility, blood flow) * **barriers:** none (little through muscle, skin)

Question 29

advantages & disadvantages for **intramuscular (IM) & subcutaneous (subQ) medications**

Answer 29

**ADVANTAGES:** * used for** poorly soluble drugs** * used for **depot preparations** (1 injection that lasts weeks/months (BC, mental health meds)) **DISADVANTAGES:** * **discomfort** * **inconvenience** * cause** muscle & nerve injury** with improper technique * **bleeding risk**

Question 30

what medican route are depot preparations usually administered?

Answer 30

IM or subQ

Question 31

when would **parenteral** (injection) admin be preferred?

Answer 31

* **emergencies** * situations requiring **tight control** * **GI incompatibility** (destruction of drugs by GI/ cause GI injury) * tx with **drugs that cannot cross membranes** * better treated with** long acting preparation (depot)** * pt who **cannot/will not take PO meds**

Question 32

distribution

Answer 32

the movement of drugs throughout the body

Question 33

distribution process

Answer 33

1. blood flow to tissues 2. drug's ability to exit the vascular system 3. drug's ability to enter cells

Question 34

drug metabolism

Answer 34

the enzymatic alteration of drug structure to a more water-soluble form that can be excreted

Question 35

where is the majority of drug metabolism done?

Answer 35

liver

Question 36

special factors/considerations in drug metabolism

Answer 36

* **age**- young & old have decreased metabolism * **first-pass effect**- some meds are completely metabolized by the liver the first time passing through (nitroglycerin, administered topically) * **nutritional status** * **competition between drugs**

Question 37

excretion

Answer 37

removal of drugs from the body

Question 38

how can drugs & their metabolites exit the body?

Answer 38

* bile * urine/feces * sweat/saliva * breast milk * expired air

Question 39

how can you monitor drug responses through plasma drug levels?

Answer 39

correlation b/w response to drug & level in plasma

Question 40

what two levels can you use to monitor drug response?

Answer 40

* minimun effective concentration (MEC) * toxic concentration

Question 41

therapeutic range

Answer 41

determines whether the drug can be safely given

Question 42

drug half-life

Answer 42

determines dosing interval

Question 43

repeated dosing

Answer 43

determines rate & extent of accumulation * may use a loading dose as well as maintenance

Question 44

pharmacodynamics

Answer 44

**pharmakon** (drug or poison) + **dynamikos** (force or power)

Question 45

dose-response relationship

Answer 45

relationhsip between the **size** of an administered dose and the **intensity** of the response produced

Question 46

what does the dose-response relationship determine?

Answer 46

* **relative potency**- minimum amount of drug needed to elict a response * **maximum efficacy**- maximum response a drug can elicit

Question 47

therapeutic index chart

Answer 47

Question 48

3 possible outcomes of drug-drug interations

Answer 48

* **potentiate**- intensifies the effects * **inhibit**- reduce the effects * **new response**- effect not seen with single drug alone

Question 49

how can food interact with drug effects?

Answer 49

* absorption * drug metabolism * drug toxicity * drug action * timing