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CSON IM1 > Pharm Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Pharm Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacokinetics word breakdown

A

pharmakon- drug or poison
kinesis- motion

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2
Q

what quesitons should come to mind with pharmacokinetics?

A
  • how does te drug get into the body & where does it go?
  • what does the body do to/with the drug?
  • how does the body get rid of the drug?
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3
Q

process of pharmacokinetics through the body

A
  1. absorption
  2. distribution
  3. metabolism
  4. excretion
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4
Q

how do drugs get to their desired location?

A

through the blood/ blood flow

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5
Q

where does the majority of drug metabolism occur?

A

in the liver

can also occur in the kidney or GI tract

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6
Q

where does the majority of drug metabolism occur?

A

in the liver

can also occur in the kidney or GI tract

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7
Q

which organ does excretion mostly occur in?

A

kidneys

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8
Q

absorption

A

movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood

ex: tylenol is absorbed by GI > blood

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9
Q

absorption

A

movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood

ex: tylenol is absorbed by GI > blood

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10
Q

rate

A

determines how soon effects will take place

how soon

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11
Q

amount

A

determines how intense the effects will be

how intense

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12
Q

factors that affect the process of absorption

A
  • rate of dissolution
  • surface area
  • blood flow
  • lipid solubility
  • pH partitioning
  • route of administration
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13
Q

how does rate of dissolution affect absorption?

A

the quicker it dissolves, the quicker the effect
* dissolvable = quicker
* extended relsease medication (dissolves slower over time) (ER)

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14
Q

how does surface area of dissolution affect absorption?

A

larger surface area where the drug is aborbed affects the rate/amount
* small intestine

drop vs. a lot of eczema cream

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15
Q

how does blood flow of dissolution affect absorption?

A

certain ages/areas of high blood flow would dissolve/take effect sooner

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16
Q

how does lipid solubility of dissolution affect absorption?

A

drugs need to be lipid soluble to enter the blood stream

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17
Q

2 groups of routes of administration

A
  • enteral (GI tract)
  • parenteral (outside GI tract)
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18
Q

enteral (GI tract) medications

A

oral (PO)

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19
Q

parenteral (ouside the GI tract) medications

A
  • intravenous (IV)
  • subcutaneous (subQ)
  • intramuscular (IM)

injection

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20
Q

absorption pattern & barriers to absorption for oral (PO) medications

A
  • absorption pattern: slow & variable
  • barriers: epithelial lining of GI tract, capillary wall
21
Q

advantages & distadvantages of oral (PO) medication

A

ADVANTAGES:
* safer than injection routes (slower absorption, more time to react to abnormalities, generally not monitored)
* ideal for self administration
* easy, convenienet, inexpensive

DISADVANTAGES:
* can cause GI irritation
* requires cooperative patient (age, mental status)
* inactivation (caused by other drugs, food)
* variability

22
Q

PO

latin

A

*per os

by way of mouth

23
Q

PO

latin

A

*per os

by way of mouth

24
Q

absorption pattern & barriers to absorption for intravenous (IV) medications

A
  • absorption pattern: instantaneous & complete
  • barriers: none (absorption is how drugs get to the blood, it is already there)
25
Q

advantages & disadvantages for intravenous (IV) medications

A

ADVANTAGES:
* rapid onset
* control (administrating meds at specific rates)
* permits use of large fluid volumes
* permits use of irritant drugs

DISADVANTAGES:
* high cost, difficulty, inconvenience
* irreversibilkity
* infection
* high risk

26
Q

which types of medication admin routes have no barriers?

A

IV, IM, subQ

no barriers to get to the blood

27
Q

which types of medication admin routes have no barriers?

A

IV, IM, subQ

no barriers to get to the blood

28
Q

absorption pattern & barriers to absorption for intramuscular (IM) & subcutaneous (subQ) medications

A
  • absorption pattern: variable (water solubility, blood flow)
  • barriers: none (little through muscle, skin)
29
Q

advantages & disadvantages for intramuscular (IM) & subcutaneous (subQ) medications

A

ADVANTAGES:
* used for** poorly soluble drugs**
* used for depot preparations (1 injection that lasts weeks/months (BC, mental health meds))

DISADVANTAGES:
* discomfort
* inconvenience
* cause** muscle & nerve injury** with improper technique
* bleeding risk

30
Q

what medican route are depot preparations usually administered?

A

IM or subQ

31
Q

when would parenteral (injection) admin be preferred?

A
  • emergencies
  • situations requiring tight control
  • GI incompatibility (destruction of drugs by GI/ cause GI injury)
  • tx with drugs that cannot cross membranes
  • better treated with** long acting preparation (depot)**
  • pt who cannot/will not take PO meds
32
Q

distribution

A

the movement of drugs throughout the body

33
Q

distribution process

A
  1. blood flow to tissues
  2. drug’s ability to exit the vascular system
  3. drug’s ability to enter cells
34
Q

drug metabolism

A

the enzymatic alteration of drug structure to a more water-soluble form that can be excreted

35
Q

where is the majority of drug metabolism done?

A

liver

36
Q

special factors/considerations in drug metabolism

A
  • age- young & old have decreased metabolism
  • first-pass effect- some meds are completely metabolized by the liver the first time passing through (nitroglycerin, administered topically)
  • nutritional status
  • competition between drugs
37
Q

excretion

A

removal of drugs from the body

38
Q

how can drugs & their metabolites exit the body?

A
  • bile
  • urine/feces
  • sweat/saliva
  • breast milk
  • expired air
39
Q

how can you monitor drug responses through plasma drug levels?

A

correlation b/w response to drug & level in plasma

40
Q

what two levels can you use to monitor drug response?

A
  • minimun effective concentration (MEC)
  • toxic concentration
41
Q

therapeutic range

A

determines whether the drug can be safely given

42
Q

drug half-life

A

determines dosing interval

43
Q

repeated dosing

A

determines rate & extent of accumulation
* may use a loading dose as well as maintenance

44
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

pharmakon (drug or poison) + dynamikos (force or power)

45
Q

dose-response relationship

A

relationhsip between the size of an administered dose and the intensity of the response produced

46
Q

what does the dose-response relationship determine?

A
  • relative potency- minimum amount of drug needed to elict a response
  • maximum efficacy- maximum response a drug can elicit
47
Q

therapeutic index chart

A
48
Q

3 possible outcomes of drug-drug interations

A
  • potentiate- intensifies the effects
  • inhibit- reduce the effects
  • new response- effect not seen with single drug alone
49
Q

how can food interact with drug effects?

A
  • absorption
  • drug metabolism
  • drug toxicity
  • drug action
  • timing

CSON IM1 (15 decks)

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