Unit 1: energy systems

Question 1

ATP is …

Answer 1

… The only usable form of energy

Question 2

What do we need energy for ?

Answer 2

My)Muscle contraction
(Dad)Digestion 
(Never)Nerve transmission
(Really)Respiration
(Catches)Circulation
(Colds)Chemical reactions 
(Typically)Tissue building

Question 3

Carbohydrates are…

Answer 3

Glucose

Question 4

Proteins are…

Answer 4

Amino Acids

Question 5

Fats are…

Answer 5

Fatty acids

Question 6

Is the ATP-PC energy system aerobic or anaerobic ?

Answer 6

Anaerobic

Question 7

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is broken down by ATPase to form …

Answer 7

… ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and P (Phosphate)

Question 8

Creatine Kinase is an enzyme that detects high levels of …

Answer 8

…ADP

Question 9

Creatine Kinase also breaks down PC (Phosphocreatine) into …

Answer 9

… P, C and energy

Question 10

The energy released from creatine kinase breaking down PC is used to …

Answer 10

… Resynthesise ADP and P into ATP

{This is known as a coupled reaction}

Question 11

Where is PC found ?

Answer 11

The sarcoplasm of the muscles.

Question 12

What type of movements is this type of energy used in ?

Answer 12

Maximal movements, such as take off in the long jump, shotput, discus or the 100m sprint. PC stores are limited so, this energy system is only used for the first 10 seconds of exercise.

Question 13

Advantages

Answer 13

• There are no harmful/fatiguing by products.
• It can provide energy for high intensity activities.
• PC resynthesises quickly so recovery times are quick.
• It does not need oxygen to provide energy so there is no delay.

Question 14

Disadvantages

Answer 14

• There is only a maximum of 10 seconds of energy.
• Only 1 ATP is resynthesises from 1 PC
• There is only a small amount of PC stored in the sarcoplasm of muscles.
• PC only resynthesises in the presence of oxygen.

Question 15

1. When PC stores are low the enzyme …

Answer 15

… Glycogen Phosphorylase is activated to break down glycogen into glucose.

Question 16

2. Glucose is then further broken down into ……. …. by the enzyme ……………….

Answer 16

Pyruvic acid

Phosphofructokinase

Question 17

3. Enough energy is released from the previous reaction to resynthesise 2 ATP. This is called …

Answer 17

Anaerobic Glycolysis (Happens in the sarcoplasm)

Question 18

4. Because there is insufficient oxygen available during the high intensity excerise, the pyruvic acid is further broken down by ……. …………. into …… ….

Answer 18

Lactate dehydrogenase

Lactic acid

Question 19

The build up of Lactic acid …

Answer 19

… Lowers the Ph level in the muscles, which inhibits the body’s capacity to produce energy, causing perfromance to decline. Muscle pain and soreness as well as cramps are experienced if lactic acid build sup too much.

Question 20

Advantages

Answer 20

• ATP can be resynthesised quickly due to very few chemical reactions and also lasts longer than teh ATP-PC system.
• It provides 2 ATP for every 1 glycogen
• It does not require oxygen.

Question 21

Disadvantages

Answer 21

• Lactic acid is a harmful by-product, the build up causes enzymes in the body to denature and prevents them from increasing the rate at which chemical reactions occur
• Only a small amount of energy can be released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions
• It lasts between 30 seconds and 3 minutes dependant on intensity.

Question 22

The Areobic system happens in three stages?

Answer 22

1. Glycolysis
2. Kreb cycle
3. The electron transport chain

Question 23

Stage 1: Glycolysis

Answer 23

Location: Sarcoplasm of muscles
Glycogen is broken down by Glycogen phosphorylase into Glucose. The glucose is then broken down by Phosphofructokinase to form Pyruvic acid. This produces 2 ATP molecules. Then due to the presence of oxygen Acetyl-coenzyme is produced.

Question 24

Stage 2: The Kreb Cycle

Answer 24

Location: Matrix of the Mitochondria
The Acetyl-coenzyme enters the Kreb cycle and combines with oxaloectic acid, forming citric acid. As a result of this Hydrogen and crabon dioxide are released along with 2 ATP molecules. The hydrogen produced in the Kreb cycle causes the muscle to become too acidic. To alleviate this Hydrogen combine with the compound NAD to form NADH, which is sent to the electron transport chain to produce energy.

Question 25

Stage 3: the Electron Transport Chain

Answer 25

Location: Cristae of the Mitochondria
The Electron Transport Chain is supplied with oxygen and hydrogen from the NADH compound. The hydrogen and oxygen combine to release enough energy to resynthesise 32 ATP molecules. The by-products of the ETC are C02 and H20 which are not harmful and can easily be removed from the body.

Question 26

Overall …

Answer 26

… There are 36 ATP molecules produces from this system.

• 2 from Glycolysis
• 2 from the Kreb cycle
• 32 from the Electron Transport Chain.

Question 27

Advantages

Answer 27

• 36 molecules of ATP resynthesised.
• It has almost unlimited energy production potential.
• No harmful / fatiguing by-products
• It uses fats as well as carbohydrates as a fuel source.

Question 28

Disadvantages

Answer 28

• It is only suited to low / moderate intensity exercises.
• It takes up to 20 minutes before fat is started to be used as an energy source.
  Opportunities to recover energy sources com in 3 ways…
• Physical activity stops so demand for energy goes back to resting levels
• The intensity of exercise reduces