Unit 1: energy systems Flashcards
ATP is …
… The only usable form of energy
What do we need energy for ?
My)Muscle contraction (Dad)Digestion (Never)Nerve transmission (Really)Respiration (Catches)Circulation (Colds)Chemical reactions (Typically)Tissue building
Carbohydrates are…
Glucose
Proteins are…
Amino Acids
Fats are…
Fatty acids
Is the ATP-PC energy system aerobic or anaerobic ?
Anaerobic
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is broken down by ATPase to form …
… ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and P (Phosphate)
Creatine Kinase is an enzyme that detects high levels of …
…ADP
Creatine Kinase also breaks down PC (Phosphocreatine) into …
… P, C and energy
The energy released from creatine kinase breaking down PC is used to …
… Resynthesise ADP and P into ATP
{This is known as a coupled reaction}
Where is PC found ?
The sarcoplasm of the muscles.
What type of movements is this type of energy used in ?
Maximal movements, such as take off in the long jump, shotput, discus or the 100m sprint. PC stores are limited so, this energy system is only used for the first 10 seconds of exercise.
Advantages
- There are no harmful/fatiguing by products.
- It can provide energy for high intensity activities.
- PC resynthesises quickly so recovery times are quick.
- It does not need oxygen to provide energy so there is no delay.
Disadvantages
- There is only a maximum of 10 seconds of energy.
- Only 1 ATP is resynthesises from 1 PC
- There is only a small amount of PC stored in the sarcoplasm of muscles.
- PC only resynthesises in the presence of oxygen.
- When PC stores are low the enzyme …
… Glycogen Phosphorylase is activated to break down glycogen into glucose.
- Glucose is then further broken down into ……. …. by the enzyme ……………….
Pyruvic acid
Phosphofructokinase
- Enough energy is released from the previous reaction to resynthesise 2 ATP. This is called …
Anaerobic Glycolysis (Happens in the sarcoplasm)
- Because there is insufficient oxygen available during the high intensity excerise, the pyruvic acid is further broken down by ……. …………. into …… ….
Lactate dehydrogenase
Lactic acid
The build up of Lactic acid …
… Lowers the Ph level in the muscles, which inhibits the body’s capacity to produce energy, causing perfromance to decline. Muscle pain and soreness as well as cramps are experienced if lactic acid build sup too much.
Advantages
- ATP can be resynthesised quickly due to very few chemical reactions and also lasts longer than teh ATP-PC system.
- It provides 2 ATP for every 1 glycogen
- It does not require oxygen.
Disadvantages
- Lactic acid is a harmful by-product, the build up causes enzymes in the body to denature and prevents them from increasing the rate at which chemical reactions occur
- Only a small amount of energy can be released from glycogen under anaerobic conditions
- It lasts between 30 seconds and 3 minutes dependant on intensity.
The Areobic system happens in three stages?
- Glycolysis
- Kreb cycle
- The electron transport chain
Stage 1: Glycolysis
Location: Sarcoplasm of muscles
Glycogen is broken down by Glycogen phosphorylase into Glucose. The glucose is then broken down by Phosphofructokinase to form Pyruvic acid. This produces 2 ATP molecules. Then due to the presence of oxygen Acetyl-coenzyme is produced.
Stage 2: The Kreb Cycle
Location: Matrix of the Mitochondria
The Acetyl-coenzyme enters the Kreb cycle and combines with oxaloectic acid, forming citric acid. As a result of this Hydrogen and crabon dioxide are released along with 2 ATP molecules. The hydrogen produced in the Kreb cycle causes the muscle to become too acidic. To alleviate this Hydrogen combine with the compound NAD to form NADH, which is sent to the electron transport chain to produce energy.
