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Gr 11 Biology > Unit 1 Diversity Of Living Things > Flashcards

Unit 1 Diversity Of Living Things Flashcards

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1
Q

How many species have been identified vs how many are there?

A

There are over 1.7 million living things identified, but there may be 15 million alive

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2
Q

Why are so many species unidentified?

A

Many live in the ground or the water, and many are very small

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3
Q

Of all the species that have ever lived on earth, _____% are living today

A

0.1%

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4
Q

Taxonomy

A

The branch of biology that identifies, groups, and names organisms

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5
Q

Classification

A

The organizing of information into a useable, workable, order that shows the relationship between organisms

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6
Q

How is taxonomy useful?

A
  • helps prevent confusion among scientists
  • helps to show organisms are related
  • can be used to reconstruct phylogenies (evolutionary histories) of an organism or group
  • allows for accurate naming
  • applications - doctors identify infectious disease before treatment so correct antibiotics can be used, farmers separate weeds from crops
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7
Q

History of taxonomy

A
  • always trying to classify
  • Aristotle placed objects into two groups, plants and animals, but only 1000 organisms had been identified
  • 18 century Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus simplified the system
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8
Q

Linnaeus System

A 
(Domain)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species

7 level system of divisions

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9
Q

Rank

A

A single hierarchical level in the Linnaeus system

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10
Q

Taxon (pl taxa)

A

Classification of an organism at a rank

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11
Q

Biological species concept

A

A group of organisms so similar that they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in natural conditions

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12
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Concept focuses on morphology, body shape, size, and other structural features

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13
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

Examines he evolutionary history of organisms

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14
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

A two name system for writing scientific names

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15
Q

Requirements of binomial nomenclature

A

Genus name is written first (capitalized)
Species name is written second (uncapitalized)
Both words are italicized if typed, underlined if handwritten

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16
Q

Why do we use binomial nomenclature?

A

Common names can give the wrong impression

People in different countries have different names for the same organism

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17
Q

Biodiversity

A

The number and variety of species and ecosystems on earth

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18
Q

Number of Domains and what are they?

A

3
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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19
Q

What type of cells are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotes

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20
Q

What type of cells are archaea?

A

Prokaryotes

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21
Q

What type of cells are eukarya?

A

Eukaryotes

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22
Q

Kingdom within domain bacteria?

A

Bacteria “eubacteria”

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23
Q

Kingdom within domain archaea

A

Archaea bacteria

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24
Q

Kingdoms within domain eukarya

A

Animalia, plantae, Protista, fungi

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25
Q

Bacteria

A
  • unicellular micro organisms
  • variety of different shapes
  • can be found in almost every ecosystem
  • some are pathogenic and cause disease
  • found all over the body but are mostly harmless
  • important to nutrient cycles and decomposition
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26
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria - Morphology

A
  • unicellular
  • no nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles
  • tiny 1-10mm
  • have only one circular chromosome
  • have a cell wall (usually)
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27
Q

Shapes of bacteria

A 
Bacillus
Coccus 
Spirillios
Vibrio
Spirchaetus
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28
Q

Bacillus

A

Rod shaped

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29
Q

Coccus

A

Sphere

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30
Q

Spirillios

A

Spiral

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31
Q

Vibrio

A

Boomerang shaped

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32
Q

Spriochaetus

A

Tight coils shape

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33
Q

Prefixes for bacteria

A

Strepto
Staphylo
Diplo

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34
Q

Staphylo

A

Grape like cluster

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35
Q

Diplo

A

2 bacteria

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36
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria - Netabolism

A
  • autotrophs

- heterotrophs

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37
Q

Autotrophs

A

Make own food (undergo photosynthesis)
Kingdom egih
Example Cyanobacteria

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38
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Obtain energy from eating other organisms

Example e. Coli

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39
Q

Pilus

A

A protein projection from a cell that is used to transfer DNA from one bacteria to another

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40
Q

Fimbrae

A

Sticky projections that allow bacteria to stick to surfaces

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41
Q

Plasmid DNA

A

Contains a few genes in the cell

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42
Q

Capsule

A

Part of the bacteria cell wall

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43
Q

What contains bacteria genes?

A

Singular circular DNA chromosome

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44
Q

Flagella

A

Allows for mobility of bacteria. May be one or many

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45
Q

Strepto

A

Chain of bacteria

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46
Q

Ribosomes

A

Makes/assembles proteins

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47
Q

What sets kingdom archaea apart?

A
  • lack peptidoglycan in the cell wall
  • unaffected by antibiotics
  • different lipids in membrane
  • different gene sequences
  • different types of ribosomes
  • do not cause disease
  • perform methanogenesis
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48
Q

Extremophile

A

Archaea bacteria that can live in extremely harsh environments

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49
Q

Types of extremophiles

A

Thermophile
Acidophile
Halophile

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50
Q

Thermophile

A

Archaea bacteria

Love heat

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51
Q

Acidophile

A

Archaea bacteria

Love low pH

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52
Q

Halophile

A

Love salt

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53
Q

Kingdom Bacteria characteristics

A
  • the larger of the two prokaryotic kingdoms
  • cell wall has peptidoglycan
  • can cause disease
  • live nearly everywhere
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54
Q

Gram staining

A

A method to classify kingdom bacteria based on their cell walls

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55
Q

Gram positive

A
  • turns purple
  • thick cell wall, no outer membrane
  • less common
  • killed by antibiotics (ex penicillin)
56
Q

Gram negative

A
  • turns pink
  • thin cell wall with outer membrane
  • unaffected by antibiotics because they can’t get through the outer membrane
  • more common
57
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Punching holes in the cell wall of bacteria to allow the body’s natural defended to be effective or prevent the bacteria from reproducing

58
Q

What are antibiotics used to treat?

A

Bacterial diseases

59
Q

Binary fission

A

How bacteria reproduce

Cell duplicates it’s DNA and divides so half the DNA is in each cell

60
Q

Steps in binary fission

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. Cell membrane and cell wall synthesis
  3. Cell separation
61
Q

What 3 ways do bacteria reproduce?

A

Binary fission
Spore formation
Conjugation

62
Q

Endospores

A
  • structures created within certain genera of bacteria which enable these bacteria to survive harsh conditions
  • can lay dormant for centuries
  • resistant to heat, acids, low nutrient levels, desiccation and radiation
63
Q

How do endospores form?

A

DNA is duplicated (spore forms inside original cell), cell breaks open, spore is released and blows away, begins growing when suitable conditions return

64
Q

How long does binary fission take?

A

20 minutes in ideal conditions

65
Q

After binary fission, both daughter cells are _____________

A

Identical

66
Q

Conjugation

A

The transfer of bacterial DNA directly from one bacterium to another via a pilus

67
Q

How do modern biologists classify bacteria with cell walls? (A method other than gram staining)

A

DNA comparisons

68
Q

Advantages of being a mesophile

A

A greater chance for survival due to the abundance of places to live

69
Q

Methanogenesis

A

Archaea bacteria undergo methanogenesis, which is a biological process that produces methane as a by-product

70
Q

Why is raising cows dangerous to the environment?

A

The archaea bacteria in the guys of cows undergo methanogenesis as a by product, which is a greenhouse gas and is harmful to the environment

71
Q

Virus characteristics

A
  • poisonous
  • infectious, non living, non cellular particles
  • contain no cytoplasm
  • cannot grow or reproduce on own
  • don’t produce or use energy
  • do not create waste
  • antibiotics are ineffective
72
Q

What is a virus?

A

A package of genetic instructions that can enter and take control of cells and the cell eventually makes copies of the virus

73
Q

How do we classify viruses?

A

By virus shape and method of viral reproduction

74
Q

How big are viruses?

A

Less than 0.1 micrometers in diameter

Hundreds of thousands can fit inside a human cell

75
Q

Basic structure of a virus

A

Genetic material (RNA or DNA)
Capsid
Either naked or enveloped

76
Q

Capsid

A

A protein coat that surrounds and protects the genetic material

77
Q

Difference between naked and enveloped virons

A

Enveloped are when the capsid is surrounded by a lipid bilayer and naked are not

78
Q

Virus shapes

A

Helical
Polyhedral
Complex

79
Q

Helical virus shape

A

Rod like with capsize proteins winding around core like a spiral

80
Q

Polyhedral virus shape

A

Many sides

Many have 20 sides and 12 corners

81
Q

Complex virus shape

A

A polyhedral capsid attached to a helical tail

The tail is made of protein which aids in binding to host cell

82
Q

Parts of a bacteriophage

A

Head - capsid, genetic material

Tail - sheath (neck), tail fibres

83
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that attacks bacteria

84
Q

Example of RNA virus

A

HIV
Flu
Rabies

85
Q

Example of DNA virus

A

Chickenpox
Herpes
Hepatitis

86
Q

Difference between RNA and DNA

A

RNA is single stranded and has a higher mutation rate whereas DNA is double stranded and is more stable. DNA is also affected by vaccines

87
Q

Methods of viral reproduction

A

Lytic cycle

Lysogenic cycle

88
Q

Steps of Lytic cycle

A

Attachment, injection of genetic material, synthesis, assembly, lysis

89
Q

Steps of lysogenic cycle

A

Attachment, injection, integration into DNA, replication of host cell, trigger, synthesis, assembly, lysis

90
Q

Provirus

A

Any virus that has been incorporated into a host cell

91
Q

Retrovirus

A

An RNA virus. The host cell copies the RNA virus into DNA, then it is a provirus

92
Q

3 Ways a Virus Enters a Cell

A

Punches a hole and injects DNA
encyotisis - if cell recognizes virus, it will engulf it and attempt to destroy it
Through tiny tears in plant cell wall

93
Q

Vector

A

Carries a virus from one host to another

Can be an animal, insect, water, human, or air

94
Q

Length of time for symptoms to appear for lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle viruses

A

Lytic cycle - quickly

Lysogenic cycle - a long time , months or years

95
Q

The majority of bacteria are ___________ (dangerous or harmless)

A

Harmless

96
Q

Antigen

A

Anything that initiates an immune response

Cells and viruses have markers on them that allow the body’s immune system to identify them

97
Q

Active immunity

A

When the body produces its own antibodies to fight off infection

98
Q

How does the body acquire active immunity?

A

Get infection, antibodies are produced, and body fends off illness, so the next time it can produce antibodies immediately and body will not get sick
Get a vaccine so the body gets practice making antibodies so if ever exposed you can make antibodies immediately

99
Q

Vaccine

A

Contains dead or weakened particles of a disease causing pathogen, which is given to the body so it can have practice making antibodies

100
Q

The theory of endosymbiosis

A

Explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from the symbiotic relationship between two or more prokaryotic cells

101
Q

What happens in endosymbiosis?

A

One cell engulfs another cell but the engulfed cell survives and becomes an internal part of the larger cell

102
Q

Endosymbiant

A

A cell that is engulfed by another cell through endosymbiosis

103
Q

Host cell (endosymbiosis)

A

A cell that engulfs another cell in endosymbiosis

104
Q

Proof of endosymbiosis

A

Chloroplast and mitochondrial have own DNA, have ribosomes, undergo binary fission, and have membranes similar to those of living prokaryotes

105
Q

Who created the theory of endosymbiosis?

A

Lynn margulis in 1967, but was ridiculed

106
Q

Characteristics of protists

A
  • mostly single celled
  • all eukaryotic
  • either heterotrophic or autotrophic
  • some have cell walls, some are motile
  • most live in water, some live in moist soil, some live in human body
107
Q

What is another name for the protist group?

A

The kitchen sink

108
Q

How are protists characterized?

A

How they move and how they get their nutrients

109
Q

What are the 3 main groups of protists?

A

Animal like protists
Plant like protists
Fungi like protists

110
Q

What is another name for animal like protists?

A

Protozoans, meaning first animals

111
Q

How do animal like protists obtain nutrition?

A

They are heterotrophs

112
Q

How are animal like protists classified?

A

Based on their method of movement

113
Q

What are the phylums that are part of the animal like protists

A

Phylum cercozoa
Phylum ciliophora
Phylum harbm
Phylum sporozoan

114
Q

Characteristics of phylum cercozoa

A
  • No cell wall so can change shape

- produce pseudopods for movement and to engulf their prey

115
Q

Example of phylum cercozoa

A

Amoeba

-intestinal amoebas in humans cause chronic diarrhea

116
Q

Characteristics of phylum ciliophora

A
  • have cilia that beat together in rhythm for movement and are used to capture food particles
  • often have two nucleuses
117
Q

Example of phylum of phylum ciliophora

A

Paramecium

118
Q

Characteristics of phylum zoomastigina

A
  • have one or more flagella (whip like tail)

- some are parasites while others are mutualistic

119
Q

Example of phylum zoomastigina

A

Beaver fever

120
Q

Characteristics of phylum sporozoans

A
  • produce spores
  • passive movement
  • parasites
121
Q

Examples of phylum sporozoan

A

Plasmodium vivax which causes one type of malaria in humans

122
Q

Features of plant like protists

A
  • autotrophic

- contain pigments (ex chloroplasts)

123
Q

Types of plant like protists

A
  • diatoms (chrysophytes)
  • dinoflagellates (pyrophytes)
  • euglenoids
  • algae
124
Q

Characteristics of diatoms

A
  • most abundant algae in oceans
  • also known as phytoplankton
  • rigid cell walls contain silica
  • main producers of aquatic food webs
125
Q

Silica

A

Sand and glass

126
Q

Pseudopod

A

False foot

Extension of cytoplasm to catch prey

127
Q

Characteristics of dinoflagellates

A
  • photosynthetic
  • mostly marine
  • stiff protective cellulose coat
  • have two distinctive flagella that create a spinning or twirling motion
  • contain toxins that build up in the shellfish that eat them
  • phosphorescent form red tides with photosynthetic pigment
128
Q

Characteristics of euglenoids

A
  • freshwater
  • have chloroplasts
  • one large anterior whip-like flagella
  • can be autotrophic in sunlight, or heterotrophic when sun is gone
129
Q

Characteristics of algae

A
  • can be different colours
  • many groups
  • some debate where algae belongs (protist or plant)
  • can be single celled or multicellular
130
Q

Features of fungi like protists

A
  • have a cell wall (different from fungi kingdom)
  • heterotrophs
  • glide from place to place
  • cellulose in cell walls like plants
  • have characteristics of fungi, Protozoa, and plants
  • absorb nutrients and help the decomposition cycle
131
Q

Types of fungi like protists

A

Water moulds

Slime moulds

132
Q

Characteristics and example of water moulds

A
  • saprotrophs or parasites
  • resemble fungi
  • cause of potato famine
  • ex downy mildew
133
Q

Slime moulds characteristics and example

A
  • break down, direct nutrients and cycle through ecosystem
  • visible to naked eye as a tiny slug like organism
  • ex dog vomit slime mould
134
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

Variety of ecosystems in a biosphere

135
Q

Species diversity

A

The variety and abundance of species in a given area

136
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The variety of heritable characteristics in a population of interbreeding individuals

Gr 11 Biology (4 decks)

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