Unit 1 Diversity Of Living Things Flashcards
1
Q
How many species have been identified vs how many are there?
A
There are over 1.7 million living things identified, but there may be 15 million alive
2
Q
Why are so many species unidentified?
A
Many live in the ground or the water, and many are very small
3
Q
Of all the species that have ever lived on earth, _____% are living today
A
0.1%
4
Q
Taxonomy
A
The branch of biology that identifies, groups, and names organisms
5
Q
Classification
A
The organizing of information into a useable, workable, order that shows the relationship between organisms
6
Q
How is taxonomy useful?
A
- helps prevent confusion among scientists
- helps to show organisms are related
- can be used to reconstruct phylogenies (evolutionary histories) of an organism or group
- allows for accurate naming
- applications - doctors identify infectious disease before treatment so correct antibiotics can be used, farmers separate weeds from crops
7
Q
History of taxonomy
A
- always trying to classify
- Aristotle placed objects into two groups, plants and animals, but only 1000 organisms had been identified
- 18 century Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus simplified the system
8
Q
Linnaeus System
A
(Domain) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
7 level system of divisions
9
Q
Rank
A
A single hierarchical level in the Linnaeus system
10
Q
Taxon (pl taxa)
A
Classification of an organism at a rank
11
Q
Biological species concept
A
A group of organisms so similar that they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in natural conditions
12
Q
Morphological species concept
A
Concept focuses on morphology, body shape, size, and other structural features
13
Q
Phylogenetic species concept
A
Examines he evolutionary history of organisms
14
Q
Binomial nomenclature
A
A two name system for writing scientific names
15
Q
Requirements of binomial nomenclature
A
Genus name is written first (capitalized)
Species name is written second (uncapitalized)
Both words are italicized if typed, underlined if handwritten
16
Q
Why do we use binomial nomenclature?
A
Common names can give the wrong impression
People in different countries have different names for the same organism
17
Q
Biodiversity
A
The number and variety of species and ecosystems on earth
18
Q
Number of Domains and what are they?
A
3
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
19
Q
What type of cells are bacteria?
A
Prokaryotes
20
Q
What type of cells are archaea?
A
Prokaryotes
21
Q
What type of cells are eukarya?
A
Eukaryotes
22
Q
Kingdom within domain bacteria?
A
Bacteria “eubacteria”
23
Q
Kingdom within domain archaea
A
Archaea bacteria
24
Q
Kingdoms within domain eukarya
A
Animalia, plantae, Protista, fungi
25
Bacteria
- unicellular micro organisms
- variety of different shapes
- can be found in almost every ecosystem
- some are pathogenic and cause disease
- found all over the body but are mostly harmless
- important to nutrient cycles and decomposition
26
Characteristics of Bacteria - Morphology
- unicellular
- no nuclear membrane or membrane bound organelles
- tiny 1-10mm
- have only one circular chromosome
- have a cell wall (usually)
27
Shapes of bacteria
```
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirillios
Vibrio
Spirchaetus
```
28
Bacillus
Rod shaped
29
Coccus
Sphere
30
Spirillios
Spiral
31
Vibrio
Boomerang shaped
32
Spriochaetus
Tight coils shape
33
Prefixes for bacteria
Strepto
Staphylo
Diplo
34
Staphylo
Grape like cluster
35
Diplo
2 bacteria
36
Characteristics of Bacteria - Netabolism
- autotrophs
| - heterotrophs
37
Autotrophs
Make own food (undergo photosynthesis)
Kingdom egih
Example Cyanobacteria
38
Heterotrophs
Obtain energy from eating other organisms
| Example e. Coli
39
Pilus
A protein projection from a cell that is used to transfer DNA from one bacteria to another
40
Fimbrae
Sticky projections that allow bacteria to stick to surfaces
41
Plasmid DNA
Contains a few genes in the cell
42
Capsule
Part of the bacteria cell wall
43
What contains bacteria genes?
Singular circular DNA chromosome
44
Flagella
Allows for mobility of bacteria. May be one or many
45
Strepto
Chain of bacteria
46
Ribosomes
Makes/assembles proteins
47
What sets kingdom archaea apart?
- lack peptidoglycan in the cell wall
- unaffected by antibiotics
- different lipids in membrane
- different gene sequences
- different types of ribosomes
- do not cause disease
- perform methanogenesis
48
Extremophile
Archaea bacteria that can live in extremely harsh environments
49
Types of extremophiles
Thermophile
Acidophile
Halophile
50
Thermophile
Archaea bacteria
| Love heat
51
Acidophile
Archaea bacteria
| Love low pH
52
Halophile
Love salt
53
Kingdom Bacteria characteristics
- the larger of the two prokaryotic kingdoms
- cell wall has peptidoglycan
- can cause disease
- live nearly everywhere
54
Gram staining
A method to classify kingdom bacteria based on their cell walls
55
Gram positive
- turns purple
- thick cell wall, no outer membrane
- less common
- killed by antibiotics (ex penicillin)
56
Gram negative
- turns pink
- thin cell wall with outer membrane
- unaffected by antibiotics because they can't get through the outer membrane
- more common
57
How do antibiotics work?
Punching holes in the cell wall of bacteria to allow the body's natural defended to be effective or prevent the bacteria from reproducing
58
What are antibiotics used to treat?
Bacterial diseases
59
Binary fission
How bacteria reproduce
| Cell duplicates it's DNA and divides so half the DNA is in each cell
60
Steps in binary fission
1. DNA replication
2. Cell membrane and cell wall synthesis
3. Cell separation
61
What 3 ways do bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission
Spore formation
Conjugation
62
Endospores
- structures created within certain genera of bacteria which enable these bacteria to survive harsh conditions
- can lay dormant for centuries
- resistant to heat, acids, low nutrient levels, desiccation and radiation
63
How do endospores form?
DNA is duplicated (spore forms inside original cell), cell breaks open, spore is released and blows away, begins growing when suitable conditions return
64
How long does binary fission take?
20 minutes in ideal conditions
65
After binary fission, both daughter cells are _____________
Identical
66
Conjugation
The transfer of bacterial DNA directly from one bacterium to another via a pilus
67
How do modern biologists classify bacteria with cell walls? (A method other than gram staining)
DNA comparisons
68
Advantages of being a mesophile
A greater chance for survival due to the abundance of places to live
69
Methanogenesis
Archaea bacteria undergo methanogenesis, which is a biological process that produces methane as a by-product
70
Why is raising cows dangerous to the environment?
The archaea bacteria in the guys of cows undergo methanogenesis as a by product, which is a greenhouse gas and is harmful to the environment
71
Virus characteristics
- poisonous
- infectious, non living, non cellular particles
- contain no cytoplasm
- cannot grow or reproduce on own
- don't produce or use energy
- do not create waste
- antibiotics are ineffective
72
What is a virus?
A package of genetic instructions that can enter and take control of cells and the cell eventually makes copies of the virus
73
How do we classify viruses?
By virus shape and method of viral reproduction
74
How big are viruses?
Less than 0.1 micrometers in diameter
| Hundreds of thousands can fit inside a human cell
75
Basic structure of a virus
Genetic material (RNA or DNA)
Capsid
Either naked or enveloped
76
Capsid
A protein coat that surrounds and protects the genetic material
77
Difference between naked and enveloped virons
Enveloped are when the capsid is surrounded by a lipid bilayer and naked are not
78
Virus shapes
Helical
Polyhedral
Complex
79
Helical virus shape
Rod like with capsize proteins winding around core like a spiral
80
Polyhedral virus shape
Many sides
| Many have 20 sides and 12 corners
81
Complex virus shape
A polyhedral capsid attached to a helical tail
| The tail is made of protein which aids in binding to host cell
82
Parts of a bacteriophage
Head - capsid, genetic material
| Tail - sheath (neck), tail fibres
83
Bacteriophage
A virus that attacks bacteria
84
Example of RNA virus
HIV
Flu
Rabies
85
Example of DNA virus
Chickenpox
Herpes
Hepatitis
86
Difference between RNA and DNA
RNA is single stranded and has a higher mutation rate whereas DNA is double stranded and is more stable. DNA is also affected by vaccines
87
Methods of viral reproduction
Lytic cycle
| Lysogenic cycle
88
Steps of Lytic cycle
Attachment, injection of genetic material, synthesis, assembly, lysis
89
Steps of lysogenic cycle
Attachment, injection, integration into DNA, replication of host cell, trigger, synthesis, assembly, lysis
90
Provirus
Any virus that has been incorporated into a host cell
91
Retrovirus
An RNA virus. The host cell copies the RNA virus into DNA, then it is a provirus
92
3 Ways a Virus Enters a Cell
Punches a hole and injects DNA
encyotisis - if cell recognizes virus, it will engulf it and attempt to destroy it
Through tiny tears in plant cell wall
93
Vector
Carries a virus from one host to another
| Can be an animal, insect, water, human, or air
94
Length of time for symptoms to appear for lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle viruses
Lytic cycle - quickly
| Lysogenic cycle - a long time , months or years
95
The majority of bacteria are ___________ (dangerous or harmless)
Harmless
96
Antigen
Anything that initiates an immune response
| Cells and viruses have markers on them that allow the body's immune system to identify them
97
Active immunity
When the body produces its own antibodies to fight off infection
98
How does the body acquire active immunity?
Get infection, antibodies are produced, and body fends off illness, so the next time it can produce antibodies immediately and body will not get sick
Get a vaccine so the body gets practice making antibodies so if ever exposed you can make antibodies immediately
99
Vaccine
Contains dead or weakened particles of a disease causing pathogen, which is given to the body so it can have practice making antibodies
100
The theory of endosymbiosis
Explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from the symbiotic relationship between two or more prokaryotic cells
101
What happens in endosymbiosis?
One cell engulfs another cell but the engulfed cell survives and becomes an internal part of the larger cell
102
Endosymbiant
A cell that is engulfed by another cell through endosymbiosis
103
Host cell (endosymbiosis)
A cell that engulfs another cell in endosymbiosis
104
Proof of endosymbiosis
Chloroplast and mitochondrial have own DNA, have ribosomes, undergo binary fission, and have membranes similar to those of living prokaryotes
105
Who created the theory of endosymbiosis?
Lynn margulis in 1967, but was ridiculed
106
Characteristics of protists
- mostly single celled
- all eukaryotic
- either heterotrophic or autotrophic
- some have cell walls, some are motile
- most live in water, some live in moist soil, some live in human body
107
What is another name for the protist group?
The kitchen sink
108
How are protists characterized?
How they move and how they get their nutrients
109
What are the 3 main groups of protists?
Animal like protists
Plant like protists
Fungi like protists
110
What is another name for animal like protists?
Protozoans, meaning first animals
111
How do animal like protists obtain nutrition?
They are heterotrophs
112
How are animal like protists classified?
Based on their method of movement
113
What are the phylums that are part of the animal like protists
Phylum cercozoa
Phylum ciliophora
Phylum harbm
Phylum sporozoan
114
Characteristics of phylum cercozoa
- No cell wall so can change shape
| - produce pseudopods for movement and to engulf their prey
115
Example of phylum cercozoa
Amoeba
| -intestinal amoebas in humans cause chronic diarrhea
116
Characteristics of phylum ciliophora
- have cilia that beat together in rhythm for movement and are used to capture food particles
- often have two nucleuses
117
Example of phylum of phylum ciliophora
Paramecium
118
Characteristics of phylum zoomastigina
- have one or more flagella (whip like tail)
| - some are parasites while others are mutualistic
119
Example of phylum zoomastigina
Beaver fever
120
Characteristics of phylum sporozoans
- produce spores
- passive movement
- parasites
121
Examples of phylum sporozoan
Plasmodium vivax which causes one type of malaria in humans
122
Features of plant like protists
- autotrophic
| - contain pigments (ex chloroplasts)
123
Types of plant like protists
- diatoms (chrysophytes)
- dinoflagellates (pyrophytes)
- euglenoids
- algae
124
Characteristics of diatoms
- most abundant algae in oceans
- also known as phytoplankton
- rigid cell walls contain silica
- main producers of aquatic food webs
125
Silica
Sand and glass
126
Pseudopod
False foot
| Extension of cytoplasm to catch prey
127
Characteristics of dinoflagellates
- photosynthetic
- mostly marine
- stiff protective cellulose coat
- have two distinctive flagella that create a spinning or twirling motion
- contain toxins that build up in the shellfish that eat them
- phosphorescent form red tides with photosynthetic pigment
128
Characteristics of euglenoids
- freshwater
- have chloroplasts
- one large anterior whip-like flagella
- can be autotrophic in sunlight, or heterotrophic when sun is gone
129
Characteristics of algae
- can be different colours
- many groups
- some debate where algae belongs (protist or plant)
- can be single celled or multicellular
130
Features of fungi like protists
- have a cell wall (different from fungi kingdom)
- heterotrophs
- glide from place to place
- cellulose in cell walls like plants
- have characteristics of fungi, Protozoa, and plants
- absorb nutrients and help the decomposition cycle
131
Types of fungi like protists
Water moulds
| Slime moulds
132
Characteristics and example of water moulds
- saprotrophs or parasites
- resemble fungi
- cause of potato famine
- ex downy mildew
133
Slime moulds characteristics and example
- break down, direct nutrients and cycle through ecosystem
- visible to naked eye as a tiny slug like organism
- ex dog vomit slime mould
134
Ecosystem diversity
Variety of ecosystems in a biosphere
135
Species diversity
The variety and abundance of species in a given area
136
Genetic diversity
The variety of heritable characteristics in a population of interbreeding individuals
