Circulatory System Flashcards
1
Q
Parts of the circulatory system
A
Heart
Blood
Blood vessels
2
Q
Functions of the circulatory system
A
Transport O2 to cells for respiration Transport waste - CO2 out and other to kidneys Carry nutrients to body cells Carry WBC, antibodies to infection sites Seals wounds by clotting Regulates body temp Regulates pH Carried hormones from gland to target
3
Q
How does blood regulate the body temperature?
A
Moves heat generated by internal cells to the surface where it can be released. Also manages body temp in cold weather conditions.
4
Q
Types of circulatory system
A
Closed circulatory system
Open circulatory system
5
Q
Closed circulatory system
A
Blood is contained in the blood vessels and is separated from the fluid that bathes cells.
6
Q
Interstitial fluid
A
Fluid that bathes blood cells
7
Q
Closed circulatory system example
A
Humans, all mammals
8
Q
Open circulatory system
A
Cells are bathed in blood. Blood is pumped in body.
More primitive.
9
Q
Example of open circulatory system
A
snails
Insects
10
Q
Parts of the blood
A
Platelets
RBC
WBC
Plasma
11
Q
Vasodilation
A
The widening of the blood cells
12
Q
Vasoconstriction
A
The narrowing of the blood vessels
13
Q
Percentage of blood that is plasma
A
55%
14
Q
What is plasma?
A
Clear, slightly yellow liquid in blood. Is 92% water and contains dissolved glucose, vitamins, minerals, and proteins
15
Q
Scientific name for red blood cells
A
Erythrocytes
16
Q
What percentage of blood is rbc?
A
44%
17
Q
Specialty of red blood cells
A
Specialized for transport of oxygen
18
Q
Shape of red blood cells
A
Biconcave disk
19
Q
How many red blood cells are in humans?
A
Males: 5.5 million/mL blood
Females: 4.5 million/mL blood
20
Q
What blood cells have a nucleus?
A
White blood cells
21
Q
Life span of red blood cells
A
90-120 days
22
Q
Where are red blood cells produced?
A
Bone marrow
23
Q
Hemoglobin
A
An iron-containing molecule that binds with oxygen and fits 280 million molecules in a single cell. Has 4 iron molecules and 1 globin
24
Q
Why does a red blood cell lose its nucleus?
A
It loses when it enters the bloodstream in order to carry more hemoglobin
25
Scientific name for WBC
Leucocytes
26
How long does a wbc live?
3-4 days
27
Ratio of rbc to wbc
770:1
28
Purpose of wbc
Used for defense
29
Two types of leukocyte
Granular and non granular
30
Percent of leukocyte that are granular
70%
31
Percent of leukocyte that are non granular
30%
32
Characteristics of Granular leucocytes
Have multi lobed nuclei
33
Types of granular leucocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
34
Neutrophils
Phagocytic and ingest bacteria
| Have 3 or more lobes in the nucleus
35
Eosinophils
Active in response to infections and allergies
| Two lobes in the nucleus
36
Basophils
Prevent clotting
| Nucleus is sometimes obscured by large granules
37
Types of non granular leucocytes
Lymphocytes
| Monocytes
38
Lymphocytes
Recognize and remember specific pathogen to fend off if attacks again
Has large, oval shaped nucleus
39
Monocytes
Phagocytic and engulf foreign substances
| Have c-shaped nucleus
40
What does an elevated wbc indicate?
Infection. Count could increase to double normal count.
41
Scientific name of platelets
Thrombocytes
42
Platelets
Non-nucleated cell fragments important to blood clotting
43
Size of platelets
1/3 size of red blood cell
44
Pulmonary circulation
The path that blood follows from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
45
Systematic circulation
The path that blood follows from the heart to the body and back to the heart
46
Cardiac circulation
Movement of blood through heart tissues
47
Path of blood through blood vessels
Arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins
48
Function of arteries
Carry blood away from heart
49
Function of veins
Return blood to the heart
50
Characteristics of artery walls
Elastic and expand as waves of blood surge through during ventricle contraction and then snap back during relaxation of ventricles. Keep blood flowing in right direction and provides additional pumping motion
Thick and muscular.
51
Type of blood carried by arteries
Oxygenated except for the pulmonary artery
52
Wall layers in arteries and veins
Tunica adventita
Tunica media
Tunica intima
Lumen
53
Lumen size differences in vessels
Largest in veins, smaller in arteries, cells flow sing file in capillaries
54
Another name for lumen
Endothelium
55
Function of lumen
Where blood flows through
56
Function of valves
Prevent back flow and control blood flow
57
What controls blood flow in arteries
Heart contractions and artery muscles
58
Differences in pressure in blood vessels
Highest in arteries, lower in veins, lowest in capillaries
59
Differences in rage of blood Flow in blood vessels
Fastest in arteries, slower in veins, slowest in capillaries
60
What blood vessel does blood leak out from?
Capillaries
61
What blood vessel has valves?
Veins
62
Type of blood carried by veins
Deoxygenated except for pulmonary vein
63
Wall differences between blood vessels
Thick and muscular in arteries, thin in veins, one cell thick in capillaries
64
What controls blood flow in veins
Valves and skeletal muscle
65
What do capillaries join?
Venules and arterioles
66
Function of capillaries
Site where gases, nutrients, other materials are transferred between blood and tissue cells
67
Where are capillaries located?
Spread throughout body in fine network
68
Average diameter of capillaries
8micrometers
69
What controls blood flow in capillaries
Tiny sphincters
70
Blood vessels with no muscle in the walls
Capillaries
71
What occurs in step 1 of blood clotting?
Chemicals are realeased that activate platelets and attract them to injury. These platelets attract more. Platelet plug forms. BLood vessels vasoconstrict and reduce blood flow to that area.
72
What occurs in step 2 of blood clotting?
The clotting factor prothrombin (plasma protein, gluestick with cap on), is activated, which in turn activates fibrin(sticky web that seals wound and traps RBC and WBC).
73
What occurs in step 3 of blood clotting?
The wound is sealed. New cells form via mitosis. After the wound is repaired , clot dissolves.
74
How many steps are there to blood clotting?
3
75
Scab
Dead cells
76
Universal blood donor
O neg
77
Universal blood recipient
AB +
78
What happens if incompatible blood types are mixed?
The antibodies will attack the foreign RBC and cause clumping.
79
Agglutination
Clumping of blood
80
Deoxygenated blood
Low O2, high CO2
81
Oxygenated blood
Low CO2, high O2
82
Function of coronary blood vessles
Supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients.
83
Aorta
Largest artery in the body. Transport blood from heart to rest of body.
84
Superior Vena Cava
A vein that transports blood from the upper body to the heart.
85
Inferior Vena Cava
A vein that transports blood from the lower body back to the heart.
86
Pulmonary Artery
Transports blood from the heart to the lungs
87
Pulmonary Vein
Transports blood from the lungs to the heart.
88
Right atrium
Recieves deO2 from superior and inferior vena cava
89
Left atrium
Recieves O2 from pulmonary veins
90
Right ventricle
ships deO2 blood to lungs.
91
Left ventricle
Ships O2 blood to the body
92
Pericardiac sac and fluid
surrounds heart, reduces friction and protects against infection.
93
Humans have ______ circulation
Double (Heart pumps through 2 systems - systematic, pulmonary)
94
Heart beats approximately __ times/minute and _____ L fluid/day
70
| 10000
95
Atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid valve
| Bicuspid valve
96
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary valve
| Aortic valve
97
Tricuspid valve
Consists of 3 flaps of tissue, and has tendons that act like springs. In between R. atrium and R. ventricle.
98
Bicuspid valve
Consists of 2 flaps of tissue and has tendons.
99
Pulmonary semi-lunar
Located in pulmonary aorta
100
Aortic semi-lunar
Located in aorta
101
Semi-lunar valves
Pulmonary valve
| Aortic valve
102
What causes lub sound?
Closing of atrioventricular valves
103
What causes dub sound?
Closing of semi-lunar valves
104
What causes a heart murmer?
When a valve leaks and allows backflow of blood.
105
Systole (systolic)
Contractile phase of heart - 0.3 seconds
106
Diastole (diastolic)
Relaxation phase of heart - 0.6 seconds
107
Heart muscles are _____ or self-excitatory
Myogenic
108
The heart sends out an ______ signal
electrical
109
SA node
Sino Atrial node. The pacemaker of electrical signal, consists of specialized cells.
110
Sequence of contraction
SA node sends out electrical signal, which moves to AV node and spreads across both atria, causing both atria to contract simultaneously. AV node sneds impulse to Bundle of His, which sends impulse to Purkinje fibres, causing both ventricles to contract and force blood out of heart into aorta or pulmonary arteries. Impulse travels back to the SA node and cycle repeats.
111
AV node
Atrio ventricular node
112
Bundle of His
Nerve cells in heart, recieve impulse from AV node and send to Purkinje fibres
113
Purkinje fibres
Nerve cells in heart, recieve impulse from Bundle of His and causes ventricles to contract.
114
ECG
Electrocardiogram, which records the electrical impulses from heart.
115
PQRST
Impulses from heart as shown on electrocardiogram
116
P
Atria contract
117
QRS
Ventricles contract
118
T
Ventricles relax
119
ECG determines problems with ____
Heart contraction
120
Heart Contraction Problems
Ventricular Fibrillation
Flat Line
Atrial Fibrillation
121
Ventricular Fibrillation
Caused by a wave of constant contraction that doesn't stop to allow the heart to refill with blood - the heart just jiggles
122
Flat line
The heart has no rhythm
123
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal heart rhythm with rapid and irregular beating. Common in 2-3% of population, have regular brief episodes
124
Blood pressure
Force of blood on artery walls. Stated as a fraction
125
Hypertension
High blood pressure. Consistently 140/90mmHg and above
126
Hypotension
Low blood pressure. 90/60mmHg and below
127
White coat hypertension
High blood pressure only at doctor's office.
128
Sphygmomanometer
Measures blood pressure
129
Factors that affect blood pressure
1. Cardiac output (Increase in CO = Up in BP, increase CO by HR or stroke volume)
2. Arteriolan Resistance (Up in diameter of artery walls = down in BP)
3. Runniness of blood (Thinner blood = lower BP, people with high BP take blood thinners)
4. Elasticity of vessel walls (more stretch = lower pressure)
Age (BP increases with age)
130
Activities to Lower BP
Regular Exercise, Helathy diet, no smoking, limit alcohol + caffeine, reduce stress, mdication
131
Posture during BP test
Calmly seated for 5 mins, back well supported, arm relaxed at heart level, legs uncrossed, feet flat on floor
132
For an Accurate BP reading
No caffeine, smoking, exercise for 30 mins, comfortable bladder, no talking
133
Vasodilators
Chemicals which expand/open the blood vessel lumen
134
examples of Vasodilators
Alcohol, nicotine, nitroglycerin
135
Result of vasodilators
Increase in blood flow, heat loss, heart activity
| Decrease in BP
136
Vasoconstrictors
Chemicals which decrease diameter of blood vessels
137
Examples of vasoconstrictors
Caffeine, cold medications
138
Result of vasoconstrictors
Decrease in blood flow, heart activity
| Increase in blood pressure
139
Lymphatic System
A system that runs parallel to the circulatory system and drains the fluid left in organs.
140
What composes the lymphatic system?
Organs, vessels, and a fluid called lymph (similar to interstital fluid)
141
Lymph capillaries
Closed ended tubes found in spaces between cells throughout body. Combine to form lymphatic vessels and rejoin circulatory system near heart.
142
Lymph nodes
All fluid passes through at least 1 lymph node, which are bean shaped organs up to 1 inch long that supply lymphocytes to bloodstream and remove foreign cells
143
How does metastasis through lymphatic system work?
Cancer cells travel through lymphatic system and secondary location can be predicted by direction of lymphatic flow from primary site.
144
Other parts of the lymphatic system
1. Thymus Gland
2. Spleen
3. Tonsils
145
Aneurysm
Weakened artery wall where blood collects and pressure builds, forming bulge
Risk of bursting and person can bleed out
146
Embolism
Blood clot that has formed and travelled to another place in body
Clot could lodge in smaller arteries and block blood flow
147
Thrombosis
Blood clot forms in veins
Often in deep leg veins and is not as common in arteries
Could break off and become an embolism
148
Varicose vein
Occurs when valves in veins do not close properly and blood can backflow
Pooling in veins makes them swollen and twisted
149
Atherosclerosis
Fatty deposits build up in artery walls and cause the walls to narrow
This causes narrowing of blood vessel which causes decrease in blood flow, increase in blood pressure, and can eventually stop blood flow
150
Arteriosclerosis
General term for several conditions in which the walls of arteries thicken and lose elasticity. Common type is atherosclerosis
151
Angioplasty
A surgical procedure used to open up a clogged artery; treat arteriosclerosis
Tube is inserted into artery, at clogged site a balloon inflates and forced artery open
152
Stent
Permanent wire mesh tube inserted during an angioplasty
153
Coronary bypass
Surgical procedure where blood flow is rerouted around blocked arteries
Healthy artery from another body part is taken and used for new pathway
154
Angina
Heart pain that can be caused by arteriosclerosis
155
Stenosis
Narrowing in opening of the heart valves or arteries
156
Regurgitation
Heart valve does not close completely and blood flows backward instead of forward through the valve
157
Heart valve diseases
Stenosis
Regurgitation
Mitral valve prolapse
158
Arrhythmia
An irregularity in speed of rhythm of heartbeat
159
Pacemaker
A device that sends electrical impulses that control the rate of the heartbeat
160
Congenital heart defect
Heart defect present from birth
| Common defect is a murmer
161
Heart murmur
Valve does not open or close properly
162
Types of stroke
Ischemic stroke
| Hemorrhagic stroke
163
Ischemic stroke
Stroke caused by a clot in a blood vessel, blocking blood flow to the brain
164
Hemorrhagic stroke
A strike caused by the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain, which causes blood to leak into the surrounding brain tissue
165
Hemophilia
Inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot normally
166
Leukaemia
Cancer of the white blood cells
167
Two types of leukemia
Myeloid
| Lymphoid
168
Myeloid leukemia
Characterized by prescience of too many leucocytes that are immature, unable to fight infection, and crowd out red blood cells.
169
Lymphoid leukemia
Cancer of lymphocytes, but is very similar to myeloid leukemia
170
Acute vs chronic leukemia
Acute appears suddenly with fast death, chronic can go undetected for months or years
171
Heart attack
Flow of blood to heart is stopped (ex by a clot) and heart no longer receives oxygen
172
Pericarditis
Swelling and inflammation of pericardium. Usually acute and improves on own.
173
Cardiomyopathy
Heart muscle disease. Any disease that affects the heart muscle.
174
Heart failure
Heart is no longer strong enough to pump blood efficiently. Caused by heart attacks or other disorders and can cause fluid buildup in lungs
