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Gr 11 Biology > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Parts of the circulatory system

A

Heart
Blood
Blood vessels

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2
Q

Functions of the circulatory system

A 
Transport O2 to cells for respiration 
Transport waste - CO2 out and other to kidneys
Carry nutrients to body cells
Carry WBC, antibodies to infection sites
Seals wounds by clotting
Regulates body temp
Regulates pH
Carried hormones from gland to target
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3
Q

How does blood regulate the body temperature?

A

Moves heat generated by internal cells to the surface where it can be released. Also manages body temp in cold weather conditions.

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4
Q

Types of circulatory system

A

Closed circulatory system

Open circulatory system

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5
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

Blood is contained in the blood vessels and is separated from the fluid that bathes cells.

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6
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Fluid that bathes blood cells

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7
Q

Closed circulatory system example

A

Humans, all mammals

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8
Q

Open circulatory system

A

Cells are bathed in blood. Blood is pumped in body.

More primitive.

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9
Q

Example of open circulatory system

A

snails

Insects

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10
Q

Parts of the blood

A

Platelets
RBC
WBC
Plasma

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11
Q

Vasodilation

A

The widening of the blood cells

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12
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

The narrowing of the blood vessels

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13
Q

Percentage of blood that is plasma

A

55%

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14
Q

What is plasma?

A

Clear, slightly yellow liquid in blood. Is 92% water and contains dissolved glucose, vitamins, minerals, and proteins

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15
Q

Scientific name for red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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16
Q

What percentage of blood is rbc?

A

44%

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17
Q

Specialty of red blood cells

A

Specialized for transport of oxygen

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18
Q

Shape of red blood cells

A

Biconcave disk

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19
Q

How many red blood cells are in humans?

A

Males: 5.5 million/mL blood
Females: 4.5 million/mL blood

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20
Q

What blood cells have a nucleus?

A

White blood cells

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21
Q

Life span of red blood cells

A

90-120 days

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22
Q

Where are red blood cells produced?

A

Bone marrow

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23
Q

Hemoglobin

A

An iron-containing molecule that binds with oxygen and fits 280 million molecules in a single cell. Has 4 iron molecules and 1 globin

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24
Q

Why does a red blood cell lose its nucleus?

A

It loses when it enters the bloodstream in order to carry more hemoglobin

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25
Q

Scientific name for WBC

A

Leucocytes

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26
Q

How long does a wbc live?

A

3-4 days

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27
Q

Ratio of rbc to wbc

A

770:1

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28
Q

Purpose of wbc

A

Used for defense

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29
Q

Two types of leukocyte

A

Granular and non granular

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30
Q

Percent of leukocyte that are granular

A

70%

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31
Q

Percent of leukocyte that are non granular

A

30%

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32
Q

Characteristics of Granular leucocytes

A

Have multi lobed nuclei

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33
Q

Types of granular leucocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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34
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytic and ingest bacteria

Have 3 or more lobes in the nucleus

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35
Q

Eosinophils

A

Active in response to infections and allergies

Two lobes in the nucleus

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36
Q

Basophils

A

Prevent clotting

Nucleus is sometimes obscured by large granules

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37
Q

Types of non granular leucocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

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38
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Recognize and remember specific pathogen to fend off if attacks again
Has large, oval shaped nucleus

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39
Q

Monocytes

A

Phagocytic and engulf foreign substances

Have c-shaped nucleus

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40
Q

What does an elevated wbc indicate?

A

Infection. Count could increase to double normal count.

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41
Q

Scientific name of platelets

A

Thrombocytes

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42
Q

Platelets

A

Non-nucleated cell fragments important to blood clotting

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43
Q

Size of platelets

A

1/3 size of red blood cell

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44
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

The path that blood follows from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

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45
Q

Systematic circulation

A

The path that blood follows from the heart to the body and back to the heart

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46
Q

Cardiac circulation

A

Movement of blood through heart tissues

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47
Q

Path of blood through blood vessels

A

Arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins

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48
Q

Function of arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

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49
Q

Function of veins

A

Return blood to the heart

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50
Q

Characteristics of artery walls

A

Elastic and expand as waves of blood surge through during ventricle contraction and then snap back during relaxation of ventricles. Keep blood flowing in right direction and provides additional pumping motion
Thick and muscular.

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51
Q

Type of blood carried by arteries

A

Oxygenated except for the pulmonary artery

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52
Q

Wall layers in arteries and veins

A

Tunica adventita
Tunica media
Tunica intima
Lumen

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53
Q

Lumen size differences in vessels

A

Largest in veins, smaller in arteries, cells flow sing file in capillaries

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54
Q

Another name for lumen

A

Endothelium

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55
Q

Function of lumen

A

Where blood flows through

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56
Q

Function of valves

A

Prevent back flow and control blood flow

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57
Q

What controls blood flow in arteries

A

Heart contractions and artery muscles

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58
Q

Differences in pressure in blood vessels

A

Highest in arteries, lower in veins, lowest in capillaries

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59
Q

Differences in rage of blood Flow in blood vessels

A

Fastest in arteries, slower in veins, slowest in capillaries

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60
Q

What blood vessel does blood leak out from?

A

Capillaries

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61
Q

What blood vessel has valves?

A

Veins

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62
Q

Type of blood carried by veins

A

Deoxygenated except for pulmonary vein

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63
Q

Wall differences between blood vessels

A

Thick and muscular in arteries, thin in veins, one cell thick in capillaries

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64
Q

What controls blood flow in veins

A

Valves and skeletal muscle

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65
Q

What do capillaries join?

A

Venules and arterioles

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66
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Site where gases, nutrients, other materials are transferred between blood and tissue cells

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67
Q

Where are capillaries located?

A

Spread throughout body in fine network

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68
Q

Average diameter of capillaries

A

8micrometers

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69
Q

What controls blood flow in capillaries

A

Tiny sphincters

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70
Q

Blood vessels with no muscle in the walls

A

Capillaries

71
Q

What occurs in step 1 of blood clotting?

A

Chemicals are realeased that activate platelets and attract them to injury. These platelets attract more. Platelet plug forms. BLood vessels vasoconstrict and reduce blood flow to that area.

72
Q

What occurs in step 2 of blood clotting?

A

The clotting factor prothrombin (plasma protein, gluestick with cap on), is activated, which in turn activates fibrin(sticky web that seals wound and traps RBC and WBC).

73
Q

What occurs in step 3 of blood clotting?

A

The wound is sealed. New cells form via mitosis. After the wound is repaired , clot dissolves.

74
Q

How many steps are there to blood clotting?

A

3

75
Q

Scab

A

Dead cells

76
Q

Universal blood donor

A

O neg

77
Q

Universal blood recipient

A

AB +

78
Q

What happens if incompatible blood types are mixed?

A

The antibodies will attack the foreign RBC and cause clumping.

79
Q

Agglutination

A

Clumping of blood

80
Q

Deoxygenated blood

A

Low O2, high CO2

81
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

Low CO2, high O2

82
Q

Function of coronary blood vessles

A

Supply the heart with oxygen and nutrients.

83
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery in the body. Transport blood from heart to rest of body.

84
Q

Superior Vena Cava

A

A vein that transports blood from the upper body to the heart.

85
Q

Inferior Vena Cava

A

A vein that transports blood from the lower body back to the heart.

86
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

Transports blood from the heart to the lungs

87
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

Transports blood from the lungs to the heart.

88
Q

Right atrium

A

Recieves deO2 from superior and inferior vena cava

89
Q

Left atrium

A

Recieves O2 from pulmonary veins

90
Q

Right ventricle

A

ships deO2 blood to lungs.

91
Q

Left ventricle

A

Ships O2 blood to the body

92
Q

Pericardiac sac and fluid

A

surrounds heart, reduces friction and protects against infection.

93
Q

Humans have ______ circulation

A

Double (Heart pumps through 2 systems - systematic, pulmonary)

94
Q

Heart beats approximately __ times/minute and _____ L fluid/day

A

70

10000

95
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid valve

Bicuspid valve

96
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

97
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Consists of 3 flaps of tissue, and has tendons that act like springs. In between R. atrium and R. ventricle.

98
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Consists of 2 flaps of tissue and has tendons.

99
Q

Pulmonary semi-lunar

A

Located in pulmonary aorta

100
Q

Aortic semi-lunar

A

Located in aorta

101
Q

Semi-lunar valves

A

Pulmonary valve

Aortic valve

102
Q

What causes lub sound?

A

Closing of atrioventricular valves

103
Q

What causes dub sound?

A

Closing of semi-lunar valves

104
Q

What causes a heart murmer?

A

When a valve leaks and allows backflow of blood.

105
Q

Systole (systolic)

A

Contractile phase of heart - 0.3 seconds

106
Q

Diastole (diastolic)

A

Relaxation phase of heart - 0.6 seconds

107
Q

Heart muscles are _____ or self-excitatory

A

Myogenic

108
Q

The heart sends out an ______ signal

A

electrical

109
Q

SA node

A

Sino Atrial node. The pacemaker of electrical signal, consists of specialized cells.

110
Q

Sequence of contraction

A

SA node sends out electrical signal, which moves to AV node and spreads across both atria, causing both atria to contract simultaneously. AV node sneds impulse to Bundle of His, which sends impulse to Purkinje fibres, causing both ventricles to contract and force blood out of heart into aorta or pulmonary arteries. Impulse travels back to the SA node and cycle repeats.

111
Q

AV node

A

Atrio ventricular node

112
Q

Bundle of His

A

Nerve cells in heart, recieve impulse from AV node and send to Purkinje fibres

113
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

Nerve cells in heart, recieve impulse from Bundle of His and causes ventricles to contract.

114
Q

ECG

A

Electrocardiogram, which records the electrical impulses from heart.

115
Q

PQRST

A

Impulses from heart as shown on electrocardiogram

116
Q

P

A

Atria contract

117
Q

QRS

A

Ventricles contract

118
Q

T

A

Ventricles relax

119
Q

ECG determines problems with ____

A

Heart contraction

120
Q

Heart Contraction Problems

A

Ventricular Fibrillation
Flat Line
Atrial Fibrillation

121
Q

Ventricular Fibrillation

A

Caused by a wave of constant contraction that doesn’t stop to allow the heart to refill with blood - the heart just jiggles

122
Q

Flat line

A

The heart has no rhythm

123
Q

Atrial Fibrillation

A

Abnormal heart rhythm with rapid and irregular beating. Common in 2-3% of population, have regular brief episodes

124
Q

Blood pressure

A

Force of blood on artery walls. Stated as a fraction

125
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure. Consistently 140/90mmHg and above

126
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure. 90/60mmHg and below

127
Q

White coat hypertension

A

High blood pressure only at doctor’s office.

128
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Measures blood pressure

129
Q

Factors that affect blood pressure

A
  1. Cardiac output (Increase in CO = Up in BP, increase CO by HR or stroke volume)
  2. Arteriolan Resistance (Up in diameter of artery walls = down in BP)
  3. Runniness of blood (Thinner blood = lower BP, people with high BP take blood thinners)
  4. Elasticity of vessel walls (more stretch = lower pressure)
    Age (BP increases with age)
130
Q

Activities to Lower BP

A

Regular Exercise, Helathy diet, no smoking, limit alcohol + caffeine, reduce stress, mdication

131
Q

Posture during BP test

A

Calmly seated for 5 mins, back well supported, arm relaxed at heart level, legs uncrossed, feet flat on floor

132
Q

For an Accurate BP reading

A

No caffeine, smoking, exercise for 30 mins, comfortable bladder, no talking

133
Q

Vasodilators

A

Chemicals which expand/open the blood vessel lumen

134
Q

examples of Vasodilators

A

Alcohol, nicotine, nitroglycerin

135
Q

Result of vasodilators

A

Increase in blood flow, heat loss, heart activity

Decrease in BP

136
Q

Vasoconstrictors

A

Chemicals which decrease diameter of blood vessels

137
Q

Examples of vasoconstrictors

A

Caffeine, cold medications

138
Q

Result of vasoconstrictors

A

Decrease in blood flow, heart activity

Increase in blood pressure

139
Q

Lymphatic System

A

A system that runs parallel to the circulatory system and drains the fluid left in organs.

140
Q

What composes the lymphatic system?

A

Organs, vessels, and a fluid called lymph (similar to interstital fluid)

141
Q

Lymph capillaries

A

Closed ended tubes found in spaces between cells throughout body. Combine to form lymphatic vessels and rejoin circulatory system near heart.

142
Q

Lymph nodes

A

All fluid passes through at least 1 lymph node, which are bean shaped organs up to 1 inch long that supply lymphocytes to bloodstream and remove foreign cells

143
Q

How does metastasis through lymphatic system work?

A

Cancer cells travel through lymphatic system and secondary location can be predicted by direction of lymphatic flow from primary site.

144
Q

Other parts of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Thymus Gland
  2. Spleen
  3. Tonsils
145
Q

Aneurysm

A

Weakened artery wall where blood collects and pressure builds, forming bulge
Risk of bursting and person can bleed out

146
Q

Embolism

A

Blood clot that has formed and travelled to another place in body
Clot could lodge in smaller arteries and block blood flow

147
Q

Thrombosis

A

Blood clot forms in veins
Often in deep leg veins and is not as common in arteries
Could break off and become an embolism

148
Q

Varicose vein

A

Occurs when valves in veins do not close properly and blood can backflow
Pooling in veins makes them swollen and twisted

149
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Fatty deposits build up in artery walls and cause the walls to narrow
This causes narrowing of blood vessel which causes decrease in blood flow, increase in blood pressure, and can eventually stop blood flow

150
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

General term for several conditions in which the walls of arteries thicken and lose elasticity. Common type is atherosclerosis

151
Q

Angioplasty

A

A surgical procedure used to open up a clogged artery; treat arteriosclerosis
Tube is inserted into artery, at clogged site a balloon inflates and forced artery open

152
Q

Stent

A

Permanent wire mesh tube inserted during an angioplasty

153
Q

Coronary bypass

A

Surgical procedure where blood flow is rerouted around blocked arteries
Healthy artery from another body part is taken and used for new pathway

154
Q

Angina

A

Heart pain that can be caused by arteriosclerosis

155
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing in opening of the heart valves or arteries

156
Q

Regurgitation

A

Heart valve does not close completely and blood flows backward instead of forward through the valve

157
Q

Heart valve diseases

A

Stenosis
Regurgitation
Mitral valve prolapse

158
Q

Arrhythmia

A

An irregularity in speed of rhythm of heartbeat

159
Q

Pacemaker

A

A device that sends electrical impulses that control the rate of the heartbeat

160
Q

Congenital heart defect

A

Heart defect present from birth

Common defect is a murmer

161
Q

Heart murmur

A

Valve does not open or close properly

162
Q

Types of stroke

A

Ischemic stroke

Hemorrhagic stroke

163
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Stroke caused by a clot in a blood vessel, blocking blood flow to the brain

164
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

A strike caused by the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain, which causes blood to leak into the surrounding brain tissue

165
Q

Hemophilia

A

Inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot normally

166
Q

Leukaemia

A

Cancer of the white blood cells

167
Q

Two types of leukemia

A

Myeloid

Lymphoid

168
Q

Myeloid leukemia

A

Characterized by prescience of too many leucocytes that are immature, unable to fight infection, and crowd out red blood cells.

169
Q

Lymphoid leukemia

A

Cancer of lymphocytes, but is very similar to myeloid leukemia

170
Q

Acute vs chronic leukemia

A

Acute appears suddenly with fast death, chronic can go undetected for months or years

171
Q

Heart attack

A

Flow of blood to heart is stopped (ex by a clot) and heart no longer receives oxygen

172
Q

Pericarditis

A

Swelling and inflammation of pericardium. Usually acute and improves on own.

173
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Heart muscle disease. Any disease that affects the heart muscle.

174
Q

Heart failure

A

Heart is no longer strong enough to pump blood efficiently. Caused by heart attacks or other disorders and can cause fluid buildup in lungs

Gr 11 Biology (4 decks)

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