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Gr 11 Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiratory System

A

The group of organs that provides living things with oxygen from outside the body and disposes of waste products such as carbon dioxide.

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2
Q

Respiration

A

All of the processes involved in bringing oxygen into the body, making it available to each cell, and eliminating carbon dioxide as waste.

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3
Q

Inspiration

A

The action of drawing oxygen rich air into the lungs

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4
Q

Expiration

A

The action of releasing waste air from the lungs

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5
Q

Gas exchange

A

The transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood, and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. Primary lung function.

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6
Q

Ventilation

A

The process of drawing, or pumping, in oxygen - containing medium over a respiratory surface.

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7
Q

Diffusion Gradient

A

Describes the relationship in which a dissolved substance moves from a region of high concentration to low concentration

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8
Q

Diaphragm

A

A sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

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9
Q

3 Requirements for a Respiratory Surface

A

Large enough surface are for gas exchange.
Moist membrane.
Concentration Gradient
Diffusion Distance

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10
Q

How is a large surface area for gas exchange created

A

Through infoldings or outfoldings. Gills have visible outfoldings. Lungs have alveoli.

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11
Q

Why does a respiratory surface need a moist membrane?

A

O2 and CO2 must be dissolved in water in order to pass through a membrane

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12
Q

Why does movement of gases from inside to outside a membrane occur?

A

There is a difference in concentration. They always move from high concentration to low concentration.

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13
Q

Why must there be a small diffusion distance?

A

O2 will not get where it is needed quickly if the diffusion difference is too great

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14
Q

Types of Respiratory Systems

A

Skin
Gills
Trachaeal system
Lungs

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15
Q

Skin as a respiratory system

A

Organism lives in moist environment to provide moist membrane. Process of diffusion transports O2 and CO2 in and out of cells in blood.

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16
Q

Gills as a respiratory system

A

Extension of folds in the body surface that increase surface area. Used by aquatic animals. Counter Current Gas Exchange occurs.

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17
Q

Counter Current Gas Exchange

A

Water flows in one direction over gills and blood flows through in the opposite direction, increasing gas exchange and efficiency.

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18
Q

Trachaeal System

A

Used by insects, internal system of branching respiratory tracheae tubes, which connect directly to environment for gas exchange.

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19
Q

Lungs

A

Large animals use this. Contain sacs called alveoli.

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20
Q

Parts of the Respiratory System

A 
Nasal hairs and cilia
Turbinate bones
Olfactory patch
Sinuses
Eustachian tubes
Pharynx
Tonsils and Adenoids
Larynx
Epiglottis
Glottis
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Lungs
Alveoli
Diaphragm
Thoracic Cavity
Pleura
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21
Q

Nasal hairs and cilia

A

Located in nasal cavity. Trap dust particles and prevent them from entering lungs.

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22
Q

Turbinate bones

A

Located at the top of the nasal cavity and are covered with cells that are well supplied with blood vessels. Produce mucus to trap dust particles, moisten and warm air.

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23
Q

Sinuses

A

Warm dark cubby holes in skull that lead to nowhere and could become infected.

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24
Q

Eustachian tubes

A

Auditory tubes. Lead from the middle of the ears to nasopharynx. Drain the ears into the back of the throat.

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25
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway from the nasal cavities to oral cavities and larynx. Air and food travel through.

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26
Q

Tonsils and Adenoids

A

Special clumps of cells that assist the immune system to clean impurities in very young children.

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27
Q

Two more names for larynx

A

Adam’s apple

Voicebox

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28
Q

Larynx

A

Cartilaginous structure lyig between the pharynx and trachea. Houses vocal cords.

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29
Q

How do the vocal cords work?

A

As exhaled air passes over the vocal cords, sound is produced.

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30
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of tissue that covers the glottis.

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31
Q

Glottis

A

Opening to the larynx/trachea

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32
Q

Trachea dimensions

A

12cm long, 2cm in diameter

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33
Q

How is the trachea held open?

A

By c-shaped cartilaginous rings

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34
Q

What lines the trachea

A

Ciliated cells which sweep impurities up toward the pharynx. Can be destroyed by smoking, which then creates “Smoker’s Cough”

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35
Q

Trachea

A

Tube that transports air into the lungs

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36
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Bronchus to bronchioles to alveoli

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37
Q

Bronchi

A

Move air from trachea to bronchioles. Have cartilage rings.

38
Q

Bronchus

A

singular of bronchi

39
Q

Bronchioles

A

Smaller tubes than bronchi

40
Q

Lungs

A

Have 2 - one on each side. Bounded by ribs and diaphragm.

41
Q

Lobes in each lung

A

2 in left, 3 in right because there is more room on the right without the heart taking up space.

42
Q

Alveoli

A

300million tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries so oxygen can diffuse into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide can diffuse out.

43
Q

Alveolus

A

Singular of alveoli

44
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

45
Q

Thoracic cavity

A

Houses lungs. Each lung has a separate cavity

46
Q

pleura

A

Two memranes - one on the surface of the lungs, the other on the inside of the thoracic surface. A thin film of fluid between the two membranes causes them to stck together during breathing so that as the chest expands, the lungs expand as well.

47
Q

Tonsilitis

A

An infection of the tonsils caused by a virus or by bacteria.

48
Q

Laryngitis

A

An inflammation of the larynx that can cause the voice to become raspy or hoarse.

49
Q

Pneumonia

A

A disease that causes inflammation in one or both lungs. Usually caused by a viral infection or a bacterial infection.

50
Q

Bronchitis

A

A respiratory disease that causes inflammation of the mucus membranes of the bronchi. Can be acute (caused by infection) or chronic (caused by irritant)

51
Q

Asthma

A

A lung disease that causes chronic inflammation of the lungs and overproduction of mucus in the lungs.

52
Q

Emphysema

A

A chronic respiratory disease that affects the ability of lungs to expel air

53
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

A genetic disease that causes a thick build up of mucus in the lungs, resulting in infection, inflammation, and damage to the lung tissues.

54
Q

Lung cancer

A

Disease of uncontrolled cell growth in lungs, potentially creating a carcinoma or causing metastasis

55
Q

Carcinoma

A

A tumour made up of rapidly multiplying cells

56
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancerous cells from their original site to other parts of the body

57
Q

The Bends

A

Illness caused by rapid release of nitrogen gas from the bloodstream and is caused by bubbles forming in the blood when a diver ascends to the surface too rapidly.

58
Q

Stages of Breathing

A

Inspiration

Expiration

59
Q

Inspiration

A

Rib cage rises, diaphragm moves down, therefore thoracic cavity expands, which increases the volume and decreasing the pressure inside lungs. Result is air moves from high pressure outside body to lower pressure inside lungs

60
Q

Expiration

A

Passive process of breathing out. Rib cage moves down and in, diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, therefore thoracic cavity decreases, which decreases volume and increases pressure. Result is air moves from high pressure in lungs to low pressure outside lungs.

61
Q

What regulates breathing

A

the rhythmicity center in the medulla of the brain

62
Q

How does the medulla work?

A

Stimulates inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles)

63
Q

What controls the rise of the rib cage?

A

Intercostal muscles

64
Q

What is an important factor affecting the respiratory center?

A

CO2

65
Q

What do blood vessles contain specific receptors for?

A

pH

66
Q

How does CO2 affect breathing rate?

A

As CO2 in blood increases, carbonic acid increases, so blood pH decreases, which is registered by receptors so breathing rate increases

67
Q

How much O2 is inhaled? exhaled?

A
  1. 71%

14. 6%

68
Q

How much CO2 is inhaled? exhaled?

A

0.004%

4%

69
Q

How much H2O is inhaled? exhaled?

A
  1. 25%

5. 9%

70
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled when body is at rest.

71
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

Additional volume or air that can be taken into the lungs beyond the tidal volume

72
Q

expiratory Reserve Volume

A

Additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond the expiratory reserve volume

73
Q

Vital capacity

A

Total lung capacity. Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve

74
Q

Residual Volume

A

Amount of gas that remains in the lungs and passageways after a full exhalation. It remains in the respiratory system to prevent collapse of lungs and passageways. This air has little value for gas exchange because it is not exchanged with air outside.

75
Q

Gas Transport at the Lungs

A

1% of O2 in alveolus dissolves in plasma. Other 99% enters RBC and reacts with Hb to create HbO2 and is transported that way.

76
Q

HbO2

A

oxyhemoglobin

77
Q

How many aa does hemoglobin have?

A

500

78
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs

A

Hb has 200x more affinity for CO2 than O2 so will fill all the Hb binding sites, leaving none to transport O2, causing asphyxiation

79
Q

Gas transport at body cell

A

77% of CO2 from body cell dissolves in plasma.
CO2+H20 to H2CO3 to 2Haq +HCO3 aq, but this happens super slow, so happens with an enzyme (Carbononic anhydrase) in the cells too, which is 10milx faster, so can dissociate then move into plasma. CO2+HbCO2=HbCO2 rest 23%

80
Q

Location of Cellular Respiration

A

mitochondria

81
Q

Cellular Respiration reaction

A

CH2O + O2 to CO2 + H2O + energy

82
Q

Energy in cellular respiration gives

A

heat, 36 ATP

83
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

84
Q

If glucose is a 5$ bill, ATP is

A

loonies and toonies

85
Q

Types of Respiration

A

Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

86
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Oxygen is present. Complete breakdown of food. More efficient

87
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Lack of O2 present, also called fermentation. Two types

88
Q

Types of anaerobic respiration

A

Lactic Acid fermentation

Alcoholic fermentation

89
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Occurs in muscle. Less efficient, food only partially broken down.
Glucose to lactic acid+2ATP

90
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Glucose to ethanol + CO2 + 2ATP

91
Q

Function of respiration

A

Ensure oxygen is brought to body, reaches each cell, and carbon dioxide is removed

Gr 11 Biology (4 decks)

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