Respiration Flashcards
Respiratory System
The group of organs that provides living things with oxygen from outside the body and disposes of waste products such as carbon dioxide.
Respiration
All of the processes involved in bringing oxygen into the body, making it available to each cell, and eliminating carbon dioxide as waste.
Inspiration
The action of drawing oxygen rich air into the lungs
Expiration
The action of releasing waste air from the lungs
Gas exchange
The transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood, and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs. Primary lung function.
Ventilation
The process of drawing, or pumping, in oxygen - containing medium over a respiratory surface.
Diffusion Gradient
Describes the relationship in which a dissolved substance moves from a region of high concentration to low concentration
Diaphragm
A sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.
3 Requirements for a Respiratory Surface
Large enough surface are for gas exchange.
Moist membrane.
Concentration Gradient
Diffusion Distance
How is a large surface area for gas exchange created
Through infoldings or outfoldings. Gills have visible outfoldings. Lungs have alveoli.
Why does a respiratory surface need a moist membrane?
O2 and CO2 must be dissolved in water in order to pass through a membrane
Why does movement of gases from inside to outside a membrane occur?
There is a difference in concentration. They always move from high concentration to low concentration.
Why must there be a small diffusion distance?
O2 will not get where it is needed quickly if the diffusion difference is too great
Types of Respiratory Systems
Skin
Gills
Trachaeal system
Lungs
Skin as a respiratory system
Organism lives in moist environment to provide moist membrane. Process of diffusion transports O2 and CO2 in and out of cells in blood.
Gills as a respiratory system
Extension of folds in the body surface that increase surface area. Used by aquatic animals. Counter Current Gas Exchange occurs.
Counter Current Gas Exchange
Water flows in one direction over gills and blood flows through in the opposite direction, increasing gas exchange and efficiency.
Trachaeal System
Used by insects, internal system of branching respiratory tracheae tubes, which connect directly to environment for gas exchange.
Lungs
Large animals use this. Contain sacs called alveoli.
Parts of the Respiratory System
Nasal hairs and cilia Turbinate bones Olfactory patch Sinuses Eustachian tubes Pharynx Tonsils and Adenoids Larynx Epiglottis Glottis Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Lungs Alveoli Diaphragm Thoracic Cavity Pleura
Nasal hairs and cilia
Located in nasal cavity. Trap dust particles and prevent them from entering lungs.
Turbinate bones
Located at the top of the nasal cavity and are covered with cells that are well supplied with blood vessels. Produce mucus to trap dust particles, moisten and warm air.
Sinuses
Warm dark cubby holes in skull that lead to nowhere and could become infected.
Eustachian tubes
Auditory tubes. Lead from the middle of the ears to nasopharynx. Drain the ears into the back of the throat.
Pharynx
Passageway from the nasal cavities to oral cavities and larynx. Air and food travel through.
Tonsils and Adenoids
Special clumps of cells that assist the immune system to clean impurities in very young children.
Two more names for larynx
Adam’s apple
Voicebox
Larynx
Cartilaginous structure lyig between the pharynx and trachea. Houses vocal cords.
How do the vocal cords work?
As exhaled air passes over the vocal cords, sound is produced.
Epiglottis
Flap of tissue that covers the glottis.
Glottis
Opening to the larynx/trachea
Trachea dimensions
12cm long, 2cm in diameter
How is the trachea held open?
By c-shaped cartilaginous rings
What lines the trachea
Ciliated cells which sweep impurities up toward the pharynx. Can be destroyed by smoking, which then creates “Smoker’s Cough”
Trachea
Tube that transports air into the lungs
Bronchial tree
Bronchus to bronchioles to alveoli
Bronchi
Move air from trachea to bronchioles. Have cartilage rings.
Bronchus
singular of bronchi
Bronchioles
Smaller tubes than bronchi
Lungs
Have 2 - one on each side. Bounded by ribs and diaphragm.
Lobes in each lung
2 in left, 3 in right because there is more room on the right without the heart taking up space.
Alveoli
300million tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries so oxygen can diffuse into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide can diffuse out.
Alveolus
Singular of alveoli
Diaphragm
Separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
Thoracic cavity
Houses lungs. Each lung has a separate cavity
pleura
Two memranes - one on the surface of the lungs, the other on the inside of the thoracic surface. A thin film of fluid between the two membranes causes them to stck together during breathing so that as the chest expands, the lungs expand as well.
Tonsilitis
An infection of the tonsils caused by a virus or by bacteria.
Laryngitis
An inflammation of the larynx that can cause the voice to become raspy or hoarse.
Pneumonia
A disease that causes inflammation in one or both lungs. Usually caused by a viral infection or a bacterial infection.
Bronchitis
A respiratory disease that causes inflammation of the mucus membranes of the bronchi. Can be acute (caused by infection) or chronic (caused by irritant)
Asthma
A lung disease that causes chronic inflammation of the lungs and overproduction of mucus in the lungs.
Emphysema
A chronic respiratory disease that affects the ability of lungs to expel air
Cystic fibrosis
A genetic disease that causes a thick build up of mucus in the lungs, resulting in infection, inflammation, and damage to the lung tissues.
Lung cancer
Disease of uncontrolled cell growth in lungs, potentially creating a carcinoma or causing metastasis
Carcinoma
A tumour made up of rapidly multiplying cells
Metastasis
The spread of cancerous cells from their original site to other parts of the body
The Bends
Illness caused by rapid release of nitrogen gas from the bloodstream and is caused by bubbles forming in the blood when a diver ascends to the surface too rapidly.
Stages of Breathing
Inspiration
Expiration
Inspiration
Rib cage rises, diaphragm moves down, therefore thoracic cavity expands, which increases the volume and decreasing the pressure inside lungs. Result is air moves from high pressure outside body to lower pressure inside lungs
Expiration
Passive process of breathing out. Rib cage moves down and in, diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards, therefore thoracic cavity decreases, which decreases volume and increases pressure. Result is air moves from high pressure in lungs to low pressure outside lungs.
What regulates breathing
the rhythmicity center in the medulla of the brain
How does the medulla work?
Stimulates inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles)
What controls the rise of the rib cage?
Intercostal muscles
What is an important factor affecting the respiratory center?
CO2
What do blood vessles contain specific receptors for?
pH
How does CO2 affect breathing rate?
As CO2 in blood increases, carbonic acid increases, so blood pH decreases, which is registered by receptors so breathing rate increases
How much O2 is inhaled? exhaled?
- 71%
14. 6%
How much CO2 is inhaled? exhaled?
0.004%
4%
How much H2O is inhaled? exhaled?
- 25%
5. 9%
Tidal Volume
Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled when body is at rest.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Additional volume or air that can be taken into the lungs beyond the tidal volume
expiratory Reserve Volume
Additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond the expiratory reserve volume
Vital capacity
Total lung capacity. Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve
Residual Volume
Amount of gas that remains in the lungs and passageways after a full exhalation. It remains in the respiratory system to prevent collapse of lungs and passageways. This air has little value for gas exchange because it is not exchanged with air outside.
Gas Transport at the Lungs
1% of O2 in alveolus dissolves in plasma. Other 99% enters RBC and reacts with Hb to create HbO2 and is transported that way.
HbO2
oxyhemoglobin
How many aa does hemoglobin have?
500
Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs
Hb has 200x more affinity for CO2 than O2 so will fill all the Hb binding sites, leaving none to transport O2, causing asphyxiation
Gas transport at body cell
77% of CO2 from body cell dissolves in plasma.
CO2+H20 to H2CO3 to 2Haq +HCO3 aq, but this happens super slow, so happens with an enzyme (Carbononic anhydrase) in the cells too, which is 10milx faster, so can dissociate then move into plasma. CO2+HbCO2=HbCO2 rest 23%
Location of Cellular Respiration
mitochondria
Cellular Respiration reaction
CH2O + O2 to CO2 + H2O + energy
Energy in cellular respiration gives
heat, 36 ATP
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
If glucose is a 5$ bill, ATP is
loonies and toonies
Types of Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Oxygen is present. Complete breakdown of food. More efficient
Anaerobic Respiration
Lack of O2 present, also called fermentation. Two types
Types of anaerobic respiration
Lactic Acid fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation
Occurs in muscle. Less efficient, food only partially broken down.
Glucose to lactic acid+2ATP
Alcoholic fermentation
Glucose to ethanol + CO2 + 2ATP
Function of respiration
Ensure oxygen is brought to body, reaches each cell, and carbon dioxide is removed
