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AP Biology > Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do all life on earth have in common?

A

they are all made of cells, atoms, and elements (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, + “sulfur”)

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2
Q

Ionic Bonding

A

a bond in which electrons are transferred from one element to another resulting in charged molecules (ions)

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3
Q

Cations

A

positively charged - lose electrons

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4
Q

Anions

A

negatively charged - gain electrons

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5
Q

Covalent Bonding

A

a bond in which electrons are shared between elements

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6
Q

Electronegativity

A

an atom with a strong pull on another atoms electrons which results in partial charge

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7
Q

Non Polar Covalent Bonds

A

equal sharing of electrons (hydrophobic)

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8
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

unequal sharing of electrons because an electronegative atom will pull on another atoms electrons (H2O) - hydrophillic

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9
Q

We can tell if a molecule is polar because…

A

O, N, S, P are in the model because they cause the region of the molecule to be polar (hydrophillic) due to the high electronegativity of those elements

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10
Q

We can tell if a molecule is non-polar because…

A

long chains of carbons, and ringed carbon structures are non-polar (hydrophobic)

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11
Q

Nitrogen means that it is

A

polar and basic

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12
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and a partially charged negative atom (ex. between water molecules)

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13
Q

Hydrophilic

A

(lovesss waterr) mix with water (ex. NaCl, glucose)

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14
Q

Hydrophobic

A

(scared of water) does not mix with water (ex. CO2, O2)

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15
Q

Cohesion (think of astronaut video)

A

waters ability to stick to itself due to hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

Adhesion

A

waters ability to stick to polar and charged molecules

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17
Q

Heat Capacity

A

amount of energy it takes to change the temp of H2O so there are no large temp fluctuations
IMPORTANT for aquatic organisms

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18
Q

Water’s Heat Capacity

A

water has a high heat capacity which means it can hold a lot of heat without undergoing significant temp change due to the hydrogen bonds sticking together and stopping the molecules from moving faster

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19
Q

Heat of Vaporization

A

amount of heat needed to turn a liquid into a gas

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20
Q

Thermoregulation

A

how organisms maintain their body temperature within a healthy range.

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21
Q

How does Heat Of Vaporization help with thermoregulation?

A

sweating releases water onto the skin, as the water evaporates, it takes a lot of heat away from the body because of water’s high heat of vaporization.
This loss of heat cools the body down, helping to prevent overheating.

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22
Q

Transpiration

A

process by which water moves through plants and evaporates from small pores in the leaves, called stomata

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23
Q

How do cohesion and adhesion play a role in transpiration?

A

cohesion: allows water molecules to move up the tree
adhesion: prevents back-flow of water

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24
Q

Surface Tension

A

caused by a lack of water molecules at the surface to bond. higher intermolecular forces at surface

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25
Q

What does water do as a solvent?

A

water will dissolve ionic and polar molecules

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26
Q

Why does ice float on water?

A

because it’s less dense than water

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27
Q

Ice properties

A

has a stable, ordered structure, making it less dense and solid

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28
Q

Carbon

A
  • 4 valence electrons
  • allows for creating macromolecules
  • found in all organic molecules
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29
Q

Carbohydrates

A

contains C, H, O and used for energy and makes up the cell wall for plants ad prokaryotes

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30
Q

are carbs polar or non polar

A

polar bc they dissolve in water

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31
Q

Lipids

A

made of C, H, O and are non - polar

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32
Q

Proteins

A

C, H, O, N and “S” - also are polar

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33
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

C, H, O, N, and “P” - polar that is why DNA stays inside the nucleus

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34
Q

How do we build large molecules?

A

involves the process of joining smaller molecular units, called monomers, into larger structures called polymers.

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35
Q

How are monomers and polymers synthesized?

A

Dehydration Synthesis and hydroylisis

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36
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

building polymers with the removal of water

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37
Q

Hydrolysis

A

splitting/breaking down polymers with the addition of H2O

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38
Q

Hydroxyl Groups

A

polar - OH

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39
Q

Carbonyl Groups

A

polar - C = O

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40
Q

Carboxyl Groups

A

polar - COOH

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41
Q

Amino

A

polar - N

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42
Q

Sulfhydryl

A

Polar - SH

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43
Q

Phosphate

A

polar -POOO

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44
Q

Methyl

A

non polar - C

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45
Q

Importance of functional groups

A
  • influence the way a macromolecule reacts
  • influences interaction with water
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46
Q

Elements in Carbs

A

C, H, O

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47
Q

What are the monomers of carbs?

A

monosaccharides

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48
Q

Monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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49
Q

glucose, fructose, and galactose can also be calle

A

hexose, 6 carbon sugars

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50
Q

Alpha Glucose

A

below the ring (OH below)

51
Q

beta glucose

A

above the ring (OH above)

52
Q

Ribose Deoxyribose

A

pentose sugar - 5 carbon sugar

53
Q

How do fructose, glucose, and galactose differ?

A

in their shape not their writing formula

54
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides bonded together by dehydration synthesis - glycosidic bond

55
Q

glucose + glucose =

A

maltose (disaccharide)

56
Q

glucose + fructose =

A

sucrose (disaccharide)

57
Q

glucose + galactose =

A

lactose + H2O (disaccharide)

58
Q

Polysaccharides

A

3 or moe monosaccharides bonded together - starch, glycogen, and cellulose

59
Q

Starch

A

stored form of of sugar in plants

60
Q

glycogen

A

stored form of sugar in mammals

61
Q

cellulose

A

make up cell wall of plants

62
Q

What is the function of carbs?

A

to provide energy and used as a cell wall

63
Q

To split a polymer into a monomer you use

A

Hydroloysis

64
Q

To make a monomer into a polymer you use

A

Dehydration synthesis

65
Q

Lipids

A
  • contain the elements C, H, O; non-polar, ratio of hydrogen is greater than 2:1
66
Q

Types of lipids

A
  • triglycerides
  • phospholipids
  • steroids/ sterol
67
Q

Triglycerides

A

Structure: A triglyceride is made of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.

68
Q

How are triglycerides formed?

A

through dehydration synthesis, where water is removed to bond the fatty acids to glycerol

69
Q

Saturated Fats

A

no double bonds and are solid at room temp

70
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

1 or more double bond and liquid at room temperature

71
Q

Ester Bonds

A

connect 3 fatty acids to the glycerol

72
Q

Phospholipids

A

Made of two fatty acids, a glycerol, and a phosphate group

73
Q

The fatty acid tails are (non-polar or polar)

A

hydrophobic - non - polar

74
Q

The phosphate head is (polar or non- polar)

A

hydrophilic - polar

75
Q

The phosphate head and the fatty acid tails are connected by

A

glycerol (3 carbon sugar)

76
Q

Steroids/Sterols

A

Steroids have a structure of four carbon rings fused together.

77
Q

what are examples of Sterols/Steroids?

A

cholesterol, testosterone. and estrogen

78
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

protection, temp regulation, and they make up the cell membrane

79
Q

Proteins

A

the elements are C, H, O ,N and sometimes S
the monomer is amino acid
the polymer is polypeptide
the shape of the protein determines the function

80
Q

What proteins contain sulfur?

A

cysteine and methionine

81
Q

Amino Acids can be buffers so that means that they can

A

donate and accept or pick up H’s

82
Q

What is the bond between amino acids called?

A

a peptide bond

83
Q

Primary Structure of a Protein Structure

A

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain; in charge of the order of the amino acids coded for by the DNA

84
Q

Secondary structure of a protein structure

A

two types
- alpha helix
- beta pleated sheets

These shapes form due to hydrogen bonding between parts of the backbone

85
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

The R groups interact with each other, causing the protein to fold into a specific shape.

These interactions can include
hydrogen bonds,
ionic bonds,
hydrophobic/hydrophillic interactions,
covalent bonds -disulfide bridges.

86
Q

Amphipathic

A

contains both polar and non-polar regions

87
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

2 or more polypeptides combined

88
Q

A red blood cell is made up of

A

3 different polypeptides

89
Q

Polypeptides

A

Chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

90
Q

Structure and Function of proteins

A
  • the shape (conformation ) of proteins determines its function
  • charges/R- groups determines interactions with other molecules
91
Q

What are the function of proteins?

A
  • muscle ( contractions and growth )
  • antigens/ antibodies
  • receptors
  • enzymes are going to speed up chemical reactions
92
Q

What is another name for enzymes?

A

catalyst

93
Q

Mutations

A

if one or more DNA base is changed, this can change the RNA strand which can change the amino acid which can change the protein

94
Q

What are the two types of proteins?

A

Globular and Fibrous

95
Q

Globular

A

these are the doers and they carry out the chemical processes (ex. enzymes that speed up chemical reactions)

96
Q

Fibrous

A

these are structural proteins (make up cytoskeleton which is essential in the cell wall) (ex. collagen)

97
Q

Enzyme

A

sped up chemical reactions

98
Q

Substrate

A

binds to enzyme (what the enzyme works on)

99
Q

Active site

A

location where substrate binds to enzyme

100
Q

Enzyme Substrate Complex

A

when the enzyme + substrate are bound ( they connect )

101
Q

Lock and Key

A

1 substrate fits 1 enzyme perfectly

102
Q

Induced Fit

A

when the substrate binds, the enzyme changes shape to make a tighter fit

103
Q

What changes the shape of enzymes when it’s an induced fit?

A

electrochemical signals

104
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

a molecule that is similar in shape to the substrate which binds to active site and inhibits substrate from binding

105
Q

Allosteric Inhibition

A

a molecule binds to Allosteric receptor and cause the active site to change shape which means the substrate cannot bind

106
Q

What factors affect enzyme activity?

A

temp, pH, substrate/enzyme concentration

107
Q

How does temp affect enzyme activity?

A

as temp increases, enzyme activity increases until optimal temp and then enzyme activity decreases

108
Q

What happens when bonds in secondary structure and tertiary structure break?

A

the protein can refold because the primary structure isn’t changed

109
Q

How does pH affect enzyme activity?

A

At pH levels too high (too basic) or too low (too acidic), the enzyme’s structure is altered, reducing or stopping its ability to work.

110
Q

pH

A

the measure of how acidic or basic something is

111
Q

What effect does the enzyme/substrate concentration have on enzyme activity?

A

as substrate concentration increases, enzyme activity increases and then levels off

112
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

stores our hereditary information and then transmits hereditary information; codes for the production of proteins

113
Q

What elements are nucleic acids made up of?

A

C, H, O, N, P

114
Q

What is the monomer and polymer of nucleic acids?

A

monomer - nucleotide
polymer - nucleic acid/ DNA/ RNA

115
Q

Nitrogenous Base

A
  • adenine
  • thymine
  • cytosine
  • guanine
116
Q

Nucleotide Composition

A
  • phosphate group
  • pentose sugar
  • nitrogenous base
117
Q

pyrimidine

A

Cytosine
Thymine

118
Q

Purine

A

Adenine
Guanine

119
Q

When cytosine pairs with guanine how many hydrogen bonds are there?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

120
Q

When adenine pairs with thymine how many hydrogen bonds are there?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

121
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

the strong covalent bond that links one nucleotide to the next. It forms between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide.

122
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA gets turned into RNA which gets turned into proteins; DNA codes for the production of proteins

123
Q

What is the difference in sugars in RNA and DNA?

A

DNA contains deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose

124
Q

What is the key difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

A

ribose has an extra hydroxyl group (−OH) attached to the 2’ carbon of the sugar ring, while deoxyribose lacks this −OH group and instead has just a hydrogen atom (H) at the 2’ carbon.

AP Biology (4 decks)

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