Unit 1 Chapter 5 (Integumentary System) Flashcards
Where is the hypodermis located
directly under the dermis
What kind of tissue makes up the hypodermis
adipose tissue
What is the function of the hypodermis
stores fat, connects dermis to bone and muscle, insulation, protection
What type of tissue is the epidermis
epithelial tissue
What is the name of the cell that produces keratin
Keratinocytes
What is the name of the cell that produces melanin
Melanocytes
What is the function of keratin
Help form tissues of the hair, nails, outer layer of skin. Also provides protection and waterproofing
What is the function of melanin
Skin and hair pigmentation
What is the function of the stratum basale
Separates the epidermis from the dermis, contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, touch receptors, stem cells divide here and produce new keratinocytes which get pushed up
What is the function of the stratum corneum
Outermost layer of the epidermis, has flat dead keratinocyte layers that get shed off, mainly the protection layer from outside
What is the most common cause of skin cancer
too much exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays
What is the most common type of skin cancer
basal cell carcinomas and squamous cells carcinomas
What is the deadliest type of skin cancer
Malignant Melanoma
What is the tissue type of the dermis
Connective tissue
What is the function of the epidermal ridges
Decrease friction when in contact with smooth surfaces, promote interlocking with rough surfaces, channel excess water, prevent blistering, and enhance tactile sensitivity.
Why is skin able to stretch then return to its original shape
Due to the collagen and elastin in the skin, which gives it structure and the ability to stretch out
What are the 3 different pigments in the skin
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
How does melanin contribute to skin color
the more melanin that your body produces, the darker your skin color will be
How does carotene contribute to skin color
carotene adds in yellow/orange color to the skin
How does hemoglobin contribute to skin color
a lack of oxygen and hemoglobin can leave the skin looking paler or grayer
What are freckles
The result of an overproduction of melanin
What are moles
A benign (not cancerous) growth on the skin that is formed by a cluster of melanocytes
What are the 4 components of the integumentary system
skin, nails, skin glands, and hair
What is the function of hair
protection, thermoregulation, sensory input, communication
What is the function of the hair papilla
regenerate the cycling portion of the hair follicle and generate the hair shaft.
What is the function of the hair matrix
part of the hair follicle where matrix keratinocytes proliferate to form the hair shaft of growing hair
What is the function of the hair arrector pili
trap a layer of air to add insulation (goosebumps in humans)
What substance does the sebaceous gland secrete and what are their functions
sebum (group of complex oils)
lubricates the skin to protect against friction and makes it more impervious to moisture
What substance does the sudoriferous gland secrete and what are their functions
sweat
control body temperature to help maintain homeostasis
What is the function of nails
protect the sensitive nerve endings in the tips of our fingers and toes
Describe the mechanism of skin wound repair
Contraction, connective tissue matrix deposition and epithelialization. Wounds that remain open heal by contraction; the interaction between cells and matrix results in movement of tissue toward the center of the wound.
What is a burn
tissue damage caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or nuclear radiation.
What is a first degree burn and what are their symptoms
Considered mild compared to other burns. Affects Epidermis only. Symptoms are red, painful, dry, and absent of blisters
What is a second degree burn and what are their symptoms
(partial thickness burns) Affects the epidermis and the dermis. Symptoms are swelling and red, white or splotchy skin, blisters usually present
What is a third degree burn and what are their symptoms
(full thickness burns) Go through the dermis and affect deeper tissues. Symptoms are dry/leathery skin, black, white, brown, or yellow skin, swelling, lack of pain because nerve endings have been destroyed.
What are the 3 different forms of skin cancer and describe them
basal cell carcinoma: begins in the lower part of the epidermis, may appear as a small white or flesh-colored bump that grows slowly and may bleed, usually found on areas of the body exposed to the sun.
squamous cell carcinoma: common form of skin cancer that develops in the squamous cells that make up the middle and outer layers of the skin.
melanoma: begins in melanocytes, may begin in a mole (skin melanoma)
What is the ABCDE rule
Rules used for identifying and diagnosing early stages of melanoma
Asymmetry – the two sides are not symmetrical
Borders – the edges are irregular in shape
Color – the color is varied shades of brown or black
Diameter – it is larger than 6 mm (0.24 in)
Evolving – its shape has changed
How does the skin perform its functions
Provides a protective barrier against mechanical, thermal and physical injury and hazardous substances. Prevents loss of moisture. Reduces harmful effects of UV radiation. Acts as a sensory organ (touch, detects temperature)
What is the hair shaft
part of the hair not anchored to the follicle, very exposed to the skins surface
What is the hair root
the rest of the hair, which is anchored in the follicle, lies
below the surface of the skin
What is the hair follicle
Strands of hair that originate in an epidermal penetration of the dermis
What is the hair bulb
where the hair root ends deep in the dermis
What is the hair papilla
made of connective tissue and contains blood capillaries and nerve endings from the dermis
What is the hair matrix
a layer of mitotically active basal cells
What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands
Eccrine sweat glands occur over most of the body and open directly onto the skin’s surface. Apocrine glands open into the hair follicle, leading to the surface of the skin.
