Unit 1 Chapter 4 (Tissues) Flashcards
What are the 4 basic types of body tissue
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
What is the function of epithelial tissue
Covers body surfaces, lines cavities and forms
glands
What is the function of connective tissue
Binds organs together, stores energy, and
participates in body defenses
What is the function of muscular tissue
Produces the physical force for body movements
What is the function of nervous tissue
Detects and responds to changes in internal and
external body conditions
What are the 3 cell junctions
tight, desmosome, gap
What is the function of tight junctions
Form fluid-tight seals between cells
What is the function of desmosomes
Anchor cells to one another or to the basement
membrane
What is the function of gap junctions
Permit electrical and chemical signals to pass
between cells
What is the structure of epithelial tissue
apical surface, basal surface, basement membrane
What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue
Free surface facing body cavity, lumen, or surface
What is the basal surface of epithelial tissue
Deep surface that adheres to an extracellular
material
What is the basement membrane of epithelial tissue
Extracellular material that attaches the epithelial tissue to
underlying connective tissue
What are the 2 basic types of epithelial tissue
Covering/Lining, Glandular
What are the 2 types of glands in glandular epithelial tissue and what are their functions
Endocrine: Secrete hormones, Enter interstitial fluid and then blood
Exocrine: Secretory products, Enter duct that empties onto skin surface or into the lumen of an organ
True or False: Epithelial Tissue is avascular
true
Describe simple squamous epithelium, name its function(s), and where you can find it
single layer of flat cells; scale-like
filtration and diffusion
lining of the heart, lining of the ventral body cavity, blood and lymphatic vessels
Describe simple cuboidal epithelium, name its function(s), and where you can find it
single layer of cube-like cells
secretion and absorption
kidney tubules, ovary surface
Describe simple columnar epithelium, name its function(s), and where you can find it
Single layer of tall, column-shaped cells that can
be non-ciliated with microvilli or ciliated
absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
digestive tract, uterus, excretory ducts
Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium, name its function(s), and where you can find it
single layer of column-shaped cells attached to the basement membrane, appear stratified because nuclei are at different levels, can be ciliated or non-ciliated
secrets substances, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
sperm carrying ducts, trachea (only if ciliated)
Describe stratified squamous epithelium, name its function(s), and where you can find it
several layers where basal cells are cuboidal, metabolically active and surface cells are squamous, full of dead keratin
protect underlying tissue from abrasion
lining of mouth, esophagus, and vagina, also found in epidermis
Describe transitional epithelium, name its function(s), and where you can find it
Variable appearance with flat apical cells in response to stretch, returning to rounder appearance when pressure subsides
stretches, helps permit distention of urinary organ
urinary system, lines of ureters, bladder
What is mesothelium
Epithelium that lines the major body cavities like the peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium. Also secretes serous fluid (lubricant)
What is endothelium
Epithelium that lines fully internal pathways like the vascular system and cornea
What is the overall function of glands
Produce and release different hormones that target specific things in the body
What are the major functions of connective tissue
Structure, transportation, protection, support, energy storage, defense
Give a description of the extracellular matrix
The extracellular matrix consists of ground substance and 3 types of fibers embedded into it (collagen, reticular, elastic)
What is the composition and function of ground substance
Composed of water, proteins and polysaccharides. Supports
embedded cells while allowing for material exchanges
What is the function of collagen
provides structural support to the extracellular space of connective tissues
What is the function of reticular
stretch and recoil back to shape
What is the function of reticular
supporting framework for soft organs
What is the difference between “-cyte” and “-blast” cells in relation to connective tissue
“-blast” cells are immature/less differentiated, more active in connective tissue. They produce the ground substances and undergo cell division
“-cyte” cells are mature/differentiated, less active in connective tissue. They maintain the matrix and help mend broken bones/tissues
Define tendon and state what connective tissue it is composed of
Strong, fibrous tissue attaching a muscle to a bone. Composed of collagen and dense elastin
Define ligament and state what connective tissue it is composed of
Tissue which connects two bones/cartilages or holds together a joint. Composed of stretchy elastin and collagen
What are membranes
Flat sheets of flexible tissue that cover or line a body structure
Where are some areas where the mucous membrane can be located and what is its function
Inner lining of small intestine. Line body cavities that open to the outside
Where are some areas the serous membrane can be located and what is its function
Parietal Pleurae. Line body cavities that do not directly open to the outside
What is the main cell type of connective tissue proper
fibroblast
What are the 2 categories connective tissue proper is divided up into
loose and dense
What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue proper
areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue
What are the 2 types of dense connective tissue proper
regular and irregular
What are the 3 types of cartilage
hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
What is the main cell type of cartilage
chondrocyte
What is the main cell type of osseous tissue
osteocyte
What is osseous tissue and what are its functions
Bone tissue
Support, protection, storage, and provides leverage for movement of body by muscles
What is areolar connective tissue, what are its functions, and where can it be found
Fibroblasts and many other types of cells with loosely intertwined collagen, elastic and reticular fibers in semi-fluid ground substance
Most widely distributed for strength, elasticity, and support
Under the epithelia, surrounding capillaries
What is adipose tissue, what are its functions, and where can it be found
Large triglyceride (fat) droplet with cytoplasm and nucleus pushed to periphery of cell
Energy reserve, insulation, and supports/protects organs
Around kidneys, in breasts
What is reticular connective tissue, what are its function(s), and where can it be found
Cells spaced between fine, interlacing reticular fibers in a loose ground substance
Forms supporting framework of organs and forms net to capture microbes and worn-out blood cells
lymph nodes, bone marrow
What is dense regular connective tissue, what are its function(s), and where can it be found
Regularly arranged parallel bundles of collagen fiber with few fibroblasts
Strong attachment between structures
tendons and ligaments
What is dense irregular connective tissue, what are its function(s), and where can it be found
Irregularly arranged bundles of collagen fiber with few fibroblasts
Tensile (pulling) strength in many directions
Dermis of skin, fibrous capsules of organs/joints
What is hyaline cartilage, what are its function(s), and where can it be found
Chondrocytes found in lacunae (spaces) within resilient gel ground substance; fine collagen are not fibers not visible
Reduces friction, absorbs shock at joins, provides flexibility and support
Ends of longer bones, majority of embryonic skeleton
What is elastic cartilage, what are its functions, and where can it be found
Chondrocytes found in lacunae (spaces) within resilient gel ground substance with network of elastic fibers
Provide strength and elasticity, help maintain shape of structures
External (auricle) of the ear
What is fibrocartilage, what are its functions, and where can it be found
Chondrocytes found in lacunae (spaces) within resilient gel ground substance and thick bundles of collagen fibers
Strong and resilient, support and joining of structures together
discs of knee joint, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue
Enables humans to move and perform daily activities. They play an essential role in respiratory mechanics and help maintain posture and balance. They also protect the vital organs in the body.
What is the function of goblet cells
Secrete mucin and create a protective mucus layer
What is the function of fibroblasts
Contributes to the formation of connective tissue and secrete collagen proteins that help maintain the structural framework of tissues.
What is the function of adipocytes
Energy storage, cushioning and insulation
What is the function of collagen fibers
Provide structure, strength and support throughout your body.
What is the function of elastic fibers
Provide elasticity and resilience to the tissues.
What is the function of reticular fibers
A supporting mesh in soft tissues such as liver, bone marrow, and the tissues and organs of the lymphatic system.
