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AP Biology > Unit 1, Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Unit 1, Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

macromolecules

A

a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules

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2
Q

polymer

A

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

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3
Q

monomers

A

the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

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4
Q

enzymes

A

a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. most enzymes are proteins

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5
Q

dehydration reaction

A

a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

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6
Q

hydrolysis

A

a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers

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7
Q

carbohydrates

A

a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)

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8
Q

monosaccharides

A

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. also called simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O

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9
Q

disaccharide

A

a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction

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10
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

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11
Q

polysaccharides

A

a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions

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12
Q

starch

A

a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages

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13
Q

glycogen

A

an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

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14
Q

cellulose

A

a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by b (beta) glycosidic linkages

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15
Q

chitin

A

a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

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16
Q

lipids

A

any of a group of large biological moelcules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water

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17
Q

fat

A

a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecules; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

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18
Q

fatty acid

A

a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. fatty acids vary in length and in number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

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19
Q

triacylglycerol

A

a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecules; also called a fat or triglyceride

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20
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton

21
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

22
Q

trans fat

A

an unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds

23
Q

phospholipid

A

a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes

24
Q

steroids

A

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached

25
Q

cholesterol

A

a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones

26
Q

catalysts

A

a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

27
Q

polypeptide

A

a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

28
Q

protein

A

a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure

29
Q

amino acid

A

an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides

30
Q

peptide bond

A

the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction

31
Q

sickle-cell disease

A

a recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the a-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals

32
Q

denaturation

A

in proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. denaturation occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature

33
Q

X-ray crystallography

A

a technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. it depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule

34
Q

gene

A

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)

35
Q

nucleic acids

A

a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. the two types are DNA and RNA

36
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nulceotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins

37
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

a type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, in gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses

38
Q

gene expression

A

the process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs

39
Q

polynucleotides

A

a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. the nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA

40
Q

nucleotides

A

the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups

41
Q

pyrimidine

A

one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are pyrimidines

42
Q

purines

A

one of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-member ring fused to a five-membered ring. adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines

43
Q

deoxyribose

A

the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA molecules

44
Q

ribose

A

the sugar component of RNA nucleotides

45
Q

double helix

A

the form of native DNA, referring to ts two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

46
Q

antiparallel

A

referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5’ S 3’ directions)

47
Q

bioinformatics

A

the use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets

48
Q

genomics

A

the systematic study of whole sets of genes (or other DNA) and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species

49
Q

proteomics

A

the systematic study of sets of proteins and their properties, including their abundance, chemical modifications, and interaction

AP Biology (6 decks)

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