Functional Groups Flashcards
hydroxyl group
hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom (-OH)
are hydroxyl groups polar/nonpolar? are they hydrophobic/hydrophilic?
hydroxyl groups are polar and hydrophilic
what do hydroxyls form?
alcohols
carbonyl group
carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond (-C=O)
what two forms does carbonyls take?
aldehydes and ketones
where is the functional group located in an aldehyde?
the end of the carbon chain
where is the functional group located in a ketone?
the middle of the carbon chain
carboxyl group
carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and a hydroxyl group (-COOH)
what do carboxyls group form?
carboxylic acids, aka. weak organic acids
amino group
nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms (they can also pick up an additional H from a solution)
what compounds to amino groups form?
amines
do amino groups act like an acid or a base?
a base
sulfhydryl group
sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-SH)
what compounds do sulfhydryl groups form?
thiols
sulfhydryl groups help with what? what do sulfhydryl groups do to help?
sulfhydryl groups help to stabilize protein structure, they do this by forming “cross-links”
phosphate group
phosphorus atom with 4 oxygen atoms (-PO4)
what is the charge of a phosphate group when inside a chain of phosphates? when at the end of a chain?
a -1 charge when inside a chain, a -2 charge when at the end of a chain
what do phosphate groups help with/participate in?
energy tranfers, they are found in ATP
methyl group
carbon atom bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms (-CH3)
are methyl groups polar/nonpolar? are they hydrophilic/hydrophobic?
very nonpolar and hydrophobic
what do methyl groups do?
affect the expression of genes on DNA or proteins on the DNA
