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Micro > UNIT 1 Ch.1-5 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Ch.1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

list 6 cellular microorganisms

A
  • Eukaryotes
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Prokaryotes
  • Helminths
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2
Q

List 2 Acellular Microorganisms

A
  • Virus
  • Prions
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3
Q

What are Akaryotes?

A

microorganisms with “no nucleus” another term for prokaryotes

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4
Q

Strepto Arrangment

A

cells in a chain

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5
Q

Staphylo Arrangment

A

Cells in random clusters

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6
Q

Diplo Arrangment

A

when daughter cells remain attached (are in pairs)

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7
Q

Tetrad Arrangment

A

when 2nd division plane is perpendicular to the 1st

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8
Q

Sarcina Arrangment

A

When 3rd division plane is perpendicular to the tetrad produced CUBE SHAPED 8 CELLS

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9
Q

GRAM + CELL WALL

A

Composed of 90% Peptidoglycan and Teichoic Acids that anchor wall to cytoplasmic membrane, SIMPLE structure

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10
Q

GRAM - CELL WALL

A

Composed of 10% peptidoglycan and phospholipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharides, COMPLEX structure

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11
Q

Who introduced technique of vaccinations

A

EDWARD JENNER

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12
Q

Multicellular Eukaryotes that obtain nutrition from absorbing organic material from their environment

A

FUNGI

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13
Q

Peptidoglycan is the molecule in most of these

A

BACTERIAL CELL WALL

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14
Q

Waxy substance on mycobacterium that makes them hard to treat

A

MYCOLIC ACID

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15
Q

what makes flagella run and tumble

A

RESPONSE TO STIMULI

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16
Q

Rod shaped bacterium cells

A

BACILLI

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17
Q

Spherical shaped clels

A

COCCUS

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18
Q

Prokaryotes found in extreme conditions, don’t have peptidoglycan cell walls and don’t cause disease

A

ARCHAEA

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19
Q

Movement caused by Cilia, Pseudopods, or Flagella

A

PROTOZOA

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20
Q

Microbes used to remove environment pollutants

A

BIOREMEDIATION

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21
Q

Polysaccharide composed of chains of two alternating sugars and cross bridges of amino acids

A

PEPTIDOGLCYAN

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22
Q

Lack nucleus and organelles, simple structure

A

PROKARYOTES

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23
Q

Have nucleus and membrane bound organelles, complex structure

A

EUKARYOTES

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24
Q

What color do Gram + cell walls stain?

A

PURPLE

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25
Q

What color does Gram - cell walls stain

A

PINK

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26
Q

How do viruses multiply

A

INSIDE THE CELL HOST

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27
Q

Anchor filaments and hook to cell wall

A

BASAL BODY

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28
Q

Long, Whip like portion of flagella

A

FILAMENT

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29
Q

Background is light, specimen is clear; 1000x

A

BRIGHT-FIELD MICROSCOPE

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30
Q

background is dark, specimen is light

A

DARK-FIELD MICROSCOPE

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31
Q

What does the nucleus contain in eukaryotes

A

GENETIC MATERIAL

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32
Q

Four Characteristics of life

A

RESPONSIVENESS, REPRODUCTION, METABOLISM, GROWTH

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33
Q

Which organism contains both unicellular and multicellular organisms that use photosynthesis

A

ALGAE

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34
Q

System for naming plants and animals; groups similar organisms together

A

TAXONOMIC SYSTEM

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35
Q

Bacteria and archaea

A

TYPES OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS

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36
Q

He developed the taxonomic system

A

CARLOS LINNAEUS

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37
Q

Cell extension that flow in direction of travel

A

PSEUDOPODIA

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38
Q

Yeats, Molds, and Mushrooms

A

FORMS OF FUNGI

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39
Q

He discovered bacteria

A

ANTONI LEEUWENHOEK

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40
Q

All synthesis reaction in an organism

A

ANABOLISM

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41
Q

connects filaments to body

A

HOOK

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42
Q

How does algae obtain its energy

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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43
Q

What products/gases do microbes produce

A

O2, CO2, NO, and CH3

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44
Q

Majority of Microbes are…

A

HARMLESS

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45
Q

Any agent that causes disease

A

PATHOGEN

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46
Q

Noninfectious disease caused by microbial infections

A

GASTRIC ULCERS, CANCERS, DIABETES

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47
Q

List classification in order

A
  • DOMAIN
  • KINGDOM
  • DIVISION
  • CLASS
  • ORDER
  • FAMILY
  • GENUS
  • SPECIES
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48
Q

Assignment of scientific names

A

NOMENCLATURE

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49
Q

Scientific name is combination of the ___ and ____ names

A

GENUS, SPECIES

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50
Q

Scientific names are ____ when they are in print and _____ when they are written by hand

A

Italicized, underlined

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51
Q

Unicellular and multicellular

A

ALGAE

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52
Q

Numerous, short protrusions of a cell that beat rhythmically to propel the protozoa through its environment

A

CILIA

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53
Q

Genes that are not surrounded by a membrane

A

LACKING NUCLEI

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54
Q

Is flagella present in all bacteria?

A

NO

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55
Q

Can Fungi and Protozoa cause disease in humans

A

YES

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56
Q

How many protein rings are in a GRAM - CELL?

A

FOUR

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57
Q

How many protein rings are in a GRAM + CELL

A

TWO

58
Q

Algae contains within their cell walls

A

CELLULOSE

59
Q

Reserve deposits of chemicals inside the cytosol

A

INCLUSION BODIES

60
Q

Dormant structures produce by some bacteria; can survive unfavorable conditions for a long time

A

ENDOSPORES

61
Q

Endospores are located only in this bacteria wall type

A

GRAM +

62
Q

Where are ribosomes found

A

RER, CYTOPLASM, MITOCHONDRIA

63
Q

Function of Glycocalyces

A

FORMATION OF BIOFILMS

64
Q

Nonmembranous organelles in animal cells which assist in formation of flagella, cilia and cell division

A

CENTRIOLES

65
Q

Cytoplasm region containing Centrioles

A

Centrosome

66
Q

Contains chromatin and Nucleoli

A

NUCLEOPLASM

67
Q

Smooth ER function

A

MAKE CARBS AND LIPIDS

68
Q

Rod shaped with a single curve

A

VIBRIO

69
Q

SPIRAL, Helix shaped, always gram -

A

SPIRILLUM

70
Q

SPIRAL, Spring shaped and more flexible

A

SPIROCHETE

71
Q

single flagella arrangment

A

MONOTRICHOUS

72
Q

small bunches of tufts of flagella emerging from the same site.

A

LOPHOTRICHOUS

73
Q

Flagella at both poles

A

AMPHITRICHOUS

74
Q

Flagella all over

A

PERITRICHOUS

75
Q

Lacking flagella

A

ATRICHOUS

76
Q

Axial Filament unique to spirochetes

A

PERIPLASMIC FLAGELLA

77
Q

Protein extensions off the cell used to allow tight adhesions between epithelial cells

A

FIMBRIAE

78
Q

Used in conjucate between bacterial cells. Type IV can transfer genetic material from one cell to another.

A

PILI

79
Q

Thin long tubular extension of the cytoplasmic membrane that bacteria use as channels either to transfer amino acids

A

NANOTUBES

80
Q

When do bacteria produce an S Layer

A

HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS

81
Q

Glycocalyx structure

A

S LAYER + CAPSULE

82
Q

nonessential pieces of DNA. Can become integrated into chromosome as needed. Duplicated and passed to offspring during reproduction.

A

PLASMID

83
Q

Subunit size of ribisomes in bacteria and mitochondria

A

70S

84
Q

Cell that actively grows and forms endospores. Begins with germination of an amino acid or inorganic salt

A

VEGETATIVE CELL

85
Q

Forming endospores when environmental conditions become challenging. Bacterial endospores can withstand extreme heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals that would kill a vegetative cells.

A

SPORULATION

86
Q

Do eukaryotic flagella rotate or undulate

A

UNDULATE

87
Q

In _______, flagella is inside of the cell and are wrapped in a membrane. In ______ , flagella is outside the cell.

A

EUKARYOTES, BACTERIA

88
Q

Ribisome size in eukaryotic cells

A

80S, COMBINATION OF 60S AND 40S

89
Q

Yeast fungal cell reproduce

A

ASEXUALLY

90
Q

Molds consists of long, threadlike cells in chains called

A

HYPHAE

91
Q

2 types of hyphae

A

REPRODUCTIVE AND VEGETATIVE

92
Q

fungal cells that could be yeast or fungus

A

DIMORPHIC

93
Q

Sources of fungal infections

A

– Community-acquired infections
– Hospital-associated infections
– Opportunistic infections: these are a growing threat to public health

94
Q

Benefits of fungi

A

– Produce substances that inhibit or kill bacteria around them
– Decompose organic matter
– Play a major role in antibiotic/vaccines

95
Q

Reproduction of fungi

A

outward growth of hyphae or fragmentation

96
Q

Reproduction of spores

A

– Primary mechanism for reproduction
– Produced sexually or asexually
– Can be dispersed through the environment

97
Q

Are protozoa unicellular or multicellular

A

UNICELLULAR

98
Q

methods of locomotion

A

Sarcodina (pseudopods)
Ciliophora (cilia)
Mastigophora (flagella)
Sporozoa (gliding)

99
Q

protozoa when they are in their motile feeding stage. Requires ample food and moisture to remain active.

A

TROPHOZOITE

100
Q

Dormant, resting stage when conditions in the environment become unfavorable

A

CYST

101
Q

Can all protozoa convert to a cyst

A

NO

102
Q

Flatworms divide into ….

A

CESTODES AND TREMATODES

103
Q

Trematodes aka….

A

FLUKES

104
Q

Cestodes aka….

A

TAPEWORMS

105
Q

Roundworms aka…

A

PARASITES

106
Q

The most developed system IN WORMS is the ____ tract.

A

REPRODUCTIVE

107
Q

Helminths life cycle

A
  • transmit an infection from (egg/larva) to the body of another host
  • larvae develops in secondary host
  • adulthood and mating occur in definitive host
108
Q

Host that experiences no parasitic development, but is an essential link in the completion of the cycle

A

TRANSPORT HOST

109
Q

protein covering of a virus’s nucleic acid core

A

CAPSID

110
Q

Subunits of capsids

A

capsomeres

111
Q

2 different arrangements of capsomeres

A

HELICAL AND ICOSAHEDRAL

112
Q

rod shaped capsomeres. Continuous helix which the nucleic acid strain is coiled. Naked = cylinder shaped. Enveloped = flexible and loose helix

A

HELICAL

113
Q

20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners. Contain several types oof capsomeres. Naked = spikes broken off.

A

ICOSAHEDRAL

114
Q

protective covering capsid and nucleic acid together

A

NUCLEOCAPSID

115
Q
  • Viruses that consist of only a nucleocapsid are referred to as ______ viruses
A

NAKED

116
Q

phospholipid bilayer surrounding capsid of some viruses

A

ENVELOPE

117
Q

proteins found on both naked and enveloped viruses

A

SPIKES

118
Q

Function of SPIKES

A

Molecules that allow viruses to dock with their host cells

119
Q

A fully formed virus

A

VIRON

120
Q

The sum total of the genetic information carried by an organism

A

GENOME

121
Q

What nucleic acid(s) is/are found in viruses

A

DNA, RNA, NEVER BOTH

122
Q

which are bigger in size eukaryotes or viruses

A

eukaryotes

123
Q

Phases of viral replication

A
  • Adsorption
  • Penetration and Uncoating
  • Synthesis
  • Assembly
  • Release
124
Q

A virus can invade its host cell only through making an exact fit with a specific host molecule.

A

ADSORPTION

125
Q

The range of hosts a virus can infect is limited because a virus can invade its host only through making an exact fit with a specific host molecule

A

HOST RANGE

126
Q

The cell membrane of the host is penetrated by the whole virus or its nucleic acid.

A

PENETRATION AND UNCOATING

127
Q

enzymes break the vesicle down to the capsid leaving the virus in a state in which the nucleic acid is free

A

UNCOATING

128
Q

viral spike proteins and viral matrix proteins are inserted to cell membrane. Viral protein becomes enclosed by portion of the membrane embedded with spikes and matrix and is released

A

BUDDING

129
Q

virus induced damage to the cell that changes its appearance

A

CYTOPHATHIC EFFECTS (CPE)

130
Q

fusion of multiple damaged host cells into single. Large cells containing multiple nuclei

A

SYNCYTIA

131
Q

Cell harbors the virus and is not immediately lysed

A

PERSISTANT INFECTION

132
Q

Viral DNA incorporates into the DNA of the host.

A

PROVIRUS

133
Q

Periodically become activated, Activation is usually associated with illness

A

Chronic latent state virus

134
Q

Up to ___ of human cancers are caused by oncogenic viruses.

A

13%

135
Q

Increased rate of growth, changes in chromosome, change in the capacity to divide for a indefinite period

A

TRANSFORMED ONCOVIRUSES

136
Q

Which step(s) of replication are skipped in the temperate phage ?

A

replication and release

137
Q

Reminiscent of the provirus state, which is inserted into the bacterial chromosome

A

PROPHAGE

138
Q

prophage in a lysogenic cell will be activated and progress directly into viral replication and the lytic cycle

A

INDUCTION

139
Q

When a bacterium acquires a new trait form its temperate phage

A

LYSOGENIC CONVERSION

140
Q

Protein noncellular infectious agents

A

PRIONS

Micro (4 decks)

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