UNIT 1 Ch.1-5 Flashcards
list 6 cellular microorganisms
- Eukaryotes
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Prokaryotes
- Helminths
List 2 Acellular Microorganisms
- Virus
- Prions
What are Akaryotes?
microorganisms with “no nucleus” another term for prokaryotes
Strepto Arrangment
cells in a chain
Staphylo Arrangment
Cells in random clusters
Diplo Arrangment
when daughter cells remain attached (are in pairs)
Tetrad Arrangment
when 2nd division plane is perpendicular to the 1st
Sarcina Arrangment
When 3rd division plane is perpendicular to the tetrad produced CUBE SHAPED 8 CELLS
GRAM + CELL WALL
Composed of 90% Peptidoglycan and Teichoic Acids that anchor wall to cytoplasmic membrane, SIMPLE structure
GRAM - CELL WALL
Composed of 10% peptidoglycan and phospholipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharides, COMPLEX structure
Who introduced technique of vaccinations
EDWARD JENNER
Multicellular Eukaryotes that obtain nutrition from absorbing organic material from their environment
FUNGI
Peptidoglycan is the molecule in most of these
BACTERIAL CELL WALL
Waxy substance on mycobacterium that makes them hard to treat
MYCOLIC ACID
what makes flagella run and tumble
RESPONSE TO STIMULI
Rod shaped bacterium cells
BACILLI
Spherical shaped clels
COCCUS
Prokaryotes found in extreme conditions, don’t have peptidoglycan cell walls and don’t cause disease
ARCHAEA
Movement caused by Cilia, Pseudopods, or Flagella
PROTOZOA
Microbes used to remove environment pollutants
BIOREMEDIATION
Polysaccharide composed of chains of two alternating sugars and cross bridges of amino acids
PEPTIDOGLCYAN
Lack nucleus and organelles, simple structure
PROKARYOTES
Have nucleus and membrane bound organelles, complex structure
EUKARYOTES
What color do Gram + cell walls stain?
PURPLE
What color does Gram - cell walls stain
PINK
How do viruses multiply
INSIDE THE CELL HOST
Anchor filaments and hook to cell wall
BASAL BODY
Long, Whip like portion of flagella
FILAMENT
Background is light, specimen is clear; 1000x
BRIGHT-FIELD MICROSCOPE
background is dark, specimen is light
DARK-FIELD MICROSCOPE
What does the nucleus contain in eukaryotes
GENETIC MATERIAL
Four Characteristics of life
RESPONSIVENESS, REPRODUCTION, METABOLISM, GROWTH
Which organism contains both unicellular and multicellular organisms that use photosynthesis
ALGAE
System for naming plants and animals; groups similar organisms together
TAXONOMIC SYSTEM
Bacteria and archaea
TYPES OF PROKARYOTIC CELLS
He developed the taxonomic system
CARLOS LINNAEUS
Cell extension that flow in direction of travel
PSEUDOPODIA
Yeats, Molds, and Mushrooms
FORMS OF FUNGI
He discovered bacteria
ANTONI LEEUWENHOEK
All synthesis reaction in an organism
ANABOLISM
connects filaments to body
HOOK
How does algae obtain its energy
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
What products/gases do microbes produce
O2, CO2, NO, and CH3
Majority of Microbes are…
HARMLESS
Any agent that causes disease
PATHOGEN
Noninfectious disease caused by microbial infections
GASTRIC ULCERS, CANCERS, DIABETES
List classification in order
- DOMAIN
- KINGDOM
- DIVISION
- CLASS
- ORDER
- FAMILY
- GENUS
- SPECIES
Assignment of scientific names
NOMENCLATURE
Scientific name is combination of the ___ and ____ names
GENUS, SPECIES
Scientific names are ____ when they are in print and _____ when they are written by hand
Italicized, underlined
Unicellular and multicellular
ALGAE
Numerous, short protrusions of a cell that beat rhythmically to propel the protozoa through its environment
CILIA
Genes that are not surrounded by a membrane
LACKING NUCLEI
Is flagella present in all bacteria?
NO
Can Fungi and Protozoa cause disease in humans
YES
How many protein rings are in a GRAM - CELL?
FOUR
How many protein rings are in a GRAM + CELL
TWO
Algae contains within their cell walls
CELLULOSE
Reserve deposits of chemicals inside the cytosol
INCLUSION BODIES
Dormant structures produce by some bacteria; can survive unfavorable conditions for a long time
ENDOSPORES
Endospores are located only in this bacteria wall type
GRAM +
Where are ribosomes found
RER, CYTOPLASM, MITOCHONDRIA
Function of Glycocalyces
FORMATION OF BIOFILMS
Nonmembranous organelles in animal cells which assist in formation of flagella, cilia and cell division
CENTRIOLES
Cytoplasm region containing Centrioles
Centrosome
Contains chromatin and Nucleoli
NUCLEOPLASM
Smooth ER function
MAKE CARBS AND LIPIDS
Rod shaped with a single curve
VIBRIO
SPIRAL, Helix shaped, always gram -
SPIRILLUM
SPIRAL, Spring shaped and more flexible
SPIROCHETE
single flagella arrangment
MONOTRICHOUS
small bunches of tufts of flagella emerging from the same site.
LOPHOTRICHOUS
Flagella at both poles
AMPHITRICHOUS
Flagella all over
PERITRICHOUS
Lacking flagella
ATRICHOUS
Axial Filament unique to spirochetes
PERIPLASMIC FLAGELLA
Protein extensions off the cell used to allow tight adhesions between epithelial cells
FIMBRIAE
Used in conjucate between bacterial cells. Type IV can transfer genetic material from one cell to another.
PILI
Thin long tubular extension of the cytoplasmic membrane that bacteria use as channels either to transfer amino acids
NANOTUBES
When do bacteria produce an S Layer
HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS
Glycocalyx structure
S LAYER + CAPSULE
nonessential pieces of DNA. Can become integrated into chromosome as needed. Duplicated and passed to offspring during reproduction.
PLASMID
Subunit size of ribisomes in bacteria and mitochondria
70S
Cell that actively grows and forms endospores. Begins with germination of an amino acid or inorganic salt
VEGETATIVE CELL
Forming endospores when environmental conditions become challenging. Bacterial endospores can withstand extreme heat, drying, freezing, radiation, and chemicals that would kill a vegetative cells.
SPORULATION
Do eukaryotic flagella rotate or undulate
UNDULATE
In _______, flagella is inside of the cell and are wrapped in a membrane. In ______ , flagella is outside the cell.
EUKARYOTES, BACTERIA
Ribisome size in eukaryotic cells
80S, COMBINATION OF 60S AND 40S
Yeast fungal cell reproduce
ASEXUALLY
Molds consists of long, threadlike cells in chains called
HYPHAE
2 types of hyphae
REPRODUCTIVE AND VEGETATIVE
fungal cells that could be yeast or fungus
DIMORPHIC
Sources of fungal infections
– Community-acquired infections
– Hospital-associated infections
– Opportunistic infections: these are a growing threat to public health
Benefits of fungi
– Produce substances that inhibit or kill bacteria around them
– Decompose organic matter
– Play a major role in antibiotic/vaccines
Reproduction of fungi
outward growth of hyphae or fragmentation
Reproduction of spores
– Primary mechanism for reproduction
– Produced sexually or asexually
– Can be dispersed through the environment
Are protozoa unicellular or multicellular
UNICELLULAR
methods of locomotion
Sarcodina (pseudopods)
Ciliophora (cilia)
Mastigophora (flagella)
Sporozoa (gliding)
protozoa when they are in their motile feeding stage. Requires ample food and moisture to remain active.
TROPHOZOITE
Dormant, resting stage when conditions in the environment become unfavorable
CYST
Can all protozoa convert to a cyst
NO
Flatworms divide into ….
CESTODES AND TREMATODES
Trematodes aka….
FLUKES
Cestodes aka….
TAPEWORMS
Roundworms aka…
PARASITES
The most developed system IN WORMS is the ____ tract.
REPRODUCTIVE
Helminths life cycle
- transmit an infection from (egg/larva) to the body of another host
- larvae develops in secondary host
- adulthood and mating occur in definitive host
Host that experiences no parasitic development, but is an essential link in the completion of the cycle
TRANSPORT HOST
protein covering of a virus’s nucleic acid core
CAPSID
Subunits of capsids
capsomeres
2 different arrangements of capsomeres
HELICAL AND ICOSAHEDRAL
rod shaped capsomeres. Continuous helix which the nucleic acid strain is coiled. Naked = cylinder shaped. Enveloped = flexible and loose helix
HELICAL
20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners. Contain several types oof capsomeres. Naked = spikes broken off.
ICOSAHEDRAL
protective covering capsid and nucleic acid together
NUCLEOCAPSID
- Viruses that consist of only a nucleocapsid are referred to as ______ viruses
NAKED
phospholipid bilayer surrounding capsid of some viruses
ENVELOPE
proteins found on both naked and enveloped viruses
SPIKES
Function of SPIKES
Molecules that allow viruses to dock with their host cells
A fully formed virus
VIRON
The sum total of the genetic information carried by an organism
GENOME
What nucleic acid(s) is/are found in viruses
DNA, RNA, NEVER BOTH
which are bigger in size eukaryotes or viruses
eukaryotes
Phases of viral replication
- Adsorption
- Penetration and Uncoating
- Synthesis
- Assembly
- Release
A virus can invade its host cell only through making an exact fit with a specific host molecule.
ADSORPTION
The range of hosts a virus can infect is limited because a virus can invade its host only through making an exact fit with a specific host molecule
HOST RANGE
The cell membrane of the host is penetrated by the whole virus or its nucleic acid.
PENETRATION AND UNCOATING
enzymes break the vesicle down to the capsid leaving the virus in a state in which the nucleic acid is free
UNCOATING
viral spike proteins and viral matrix proteins are inserted to cell membrane. Viral protein becomes enclosed by portion of the membrane embedded with spikes and matrix and is released
BUDDING
virus induced damage to the cell that changes its appearance
CYTOPHATHIC EFFECTS (CPE)
fusion of multiple damaged host cells into single. Large cells containing multiple nuclei
SYNCYTIA
Cell harbors the virus and is not immediately lysed
PERSISTANT INFECTION
Viral DNA incorporates into the DNA of the host.
PROVIRUS
Periodically become activated, Activation is usually associated with illness
Chronic latent state virus
Up to ___ of human cancers are caused by oncogenic viruses.
13%
Increased rate of growth, changes in chromosome, change in the capacity to divide for a indefinite period
TRANSFORMED ONCOVIRUSES
Which step(s) of replication are skipped in the temperate phage ?
replication and release
Reminiscent of the provirus state, which is inserted into the bacterial chromosome
PROPHAGE
prophage in a lysogenic cell will be activated and progress directly into viral replication and the lytic cycle
INDUCTION
When a bacterium acquires a new trait form its temperate phage
LYSOGENIC CONVERSION
Protein noncellular infectious agents
PRIONS
