Unit 1- Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Function of skeletal system
- Joints for movement
- Protection of vital organs
- Muscle attachment
- Blood production
- Mineral storage
Different type of bones in body
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular
Example of long bone
Humerus, tibia, femur
Example of short bones
Carpel bones in hand
Example of flat bones
Rib cage, sternum, scapula
Example of irregular bones
Vertebrae
What is a joint
Where two bones meet
What is flexion
Closing a joint ( elbow for a basketball throw)
What is extension
Opening a joint (kicking a football)
What is adduction
Moving towards an imaginary centre line (swinging a golf club)
What is abduction
Moving away from imaginary centre line (taking back tennis racket before swinging)
What is rotation of a joint
Clockwise or anti-clockwise movement of a limb ( shoulder movement during a top spin forehand in tennis)
What is circumduction
Movement of limb in a circular motion ( bowling a cricket bowl)
What is plantar flexion
Extension at ankle (pointing during gymnastics)
What is dorsiflexion
Flexion at the ankle (lifting toes during gymnastics)
What are the types of joint
Hinge, ball and socket, condyloid, pivot
What is anaerobic energy
High intensity, less time for oxygen to be delivered, use much less oxygen during activity causes build up of lactic acid so can only work for short period of time
Example- snooker, boccia
What is aerobic energy
Activity is low to moderate intensity, gives them for oxygen to be delivered, use more oxygen during activity, avoids build up of lactic acid and removal of carbon dioxide, can work for longer
Example- long distance runner, football player
Long term effect of cardiovascular system
Decrease in resting heart rate
Increased no of red blood cells
Increase recovery time
Long term effects of respiratory system
Increased tidal volume, increased number of alveoli
Long term effects of muscular system
Increased muscular strength
Increased tolerance to lactic acid
Long term effects on skeletal system
Increased bone density, increased strength of tendons and ligaments
Short term effects of respiratory system
Breathing increases= allows more oxygen in and co2 out
Short term effects of cardiovascular system
Increase in stroke volume = pump more oxygenated blood to muscles to prevent fatiguing
Short term effect of muscular system
Sweat rate increases= way of cooling down body
What are the types of muscles
Voluntary, involuntary, cardiac
What is a cardiac muscle
Found only heart, automatically contract or relax
What is an involuntary muscle
Not under your control, automatically contract or relax, found in organ and blood vessel walls so constrict and dilate
What is a voluntary muscle
Under your control, you choose when to control or relax, involved in movements of body , skeletal muscles
Does contraction shorten or lengthen muscle
Shorten
Does relaxation shorten or lengthen muscle
Lengthen
What is type 1 muscles fibres
Aerobic exercise example 10,000m
What is type IIa muscle fibres
Anaerobic exercise, example team sports
What is type IIx
Anaerobic exercise, very fast speed, example 100m, large amount of force produced
Function of cardiovascular system
Transport of o2 and glucose, temperature control (blood vessel vasoldilates, blood is cooled when closer to skin), clotting (platelets stick together creating a scab)
Components of blood
Plasma 55%, white blood cells, platelets 4%, red blood cells 41%
Function of plasma
Regulates body temperature
Function of white blood cells
Fight diseases and infections
Function of platelets
Seal wounds through scabs and blood clots
Function red blood cells
Contain haemoglobin which binds o2 and carries it around body
What is vascular shunting
Redistribution of blood, where blood is directed from inactive to active areas
What is vasodilation
Widening of lumen, supplying oxygenated blood to active areas
Function of vasoconstriction
Narrowing of lumen, supplying oxygenated blood to inactive areas
What is tendons
Join muscle to bone
What muscle contracts to bring about extension at the hip
Gluteus Maximus
What is the blood pressure as it leaves the heart
High
What is cardiac output
Amount of blood leaving heart per minute
What is stroke volume
Amount of blood leaving heart per beat
What is tidal capacity
Amount of air breathed in and out during normal breathing
Movement of gases in the alveoli
Diffusion = Oxygen out carbon dioxide in
Role of ligaments
Tissue that joins bone to bone reducing risk of injury during play
Why cardiovascular system needs to regulate a players body temp when playing sport 4 marks
Work rate increases during exercise
So performers will get hot
So performers CV system will redistribute blood flow to remove excess heat
Allow them to maintain quality of performance
Example of ball and socket joint
Shoulder, hip
What are hinge joints and example
Only allowed to move in one direction
Elbow, knee, ankle
Condyloid joint example
Allows you to flex and extend joint from side to side
Example - Wrist
Pivot joint example
Neck
Long term training effect on cardiovascular system for long distance runner
Increased resting stroke volume so more blood leaving heart so work aerobically for longer
What type of bone is most suited for weight bearing activities
Short
What bone is part of the verbebral column
Cervical
What blood vessel takes blood away from heart
Aorta
What blood vessel takes blood to heart
Pulmonary vein
What vessel takes blood to lungs
Pulmonary artery
Where does gas exchange take place
Alveoli
Role of bicep
Flexes the arm at elbow
Role of hamstring
Flexes leg at knee
Role of gastrocnemius
Plantar flexion at ankle
Function of cardiovascular system
Transport oxygen so can work aerobically, remove co2 produced during exercise otherwise it will accumulate and you will fatigue
Name 3 parts of the lever system
Pivot, load, effort
What is the level of oxygen before gas exchange and after
High - Low
Does the antagonist contract or relax
Relaxes
Does the agonist contract or relax
Contract
Why do muscles work in pairs
Muscles can only pull
Antagonist or agonist? Which one produces the movement
Agonist
When a muscle lengthens and is not under tension it is said to be doing what
Relaxing
Example of antagonistic pairs
Bicep and tricep, quadricep and hamstring, hip flexor and gluteals, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
Function of long bone
Muscle attachment, leverage
Function of short bones
Weight bearing
Function of irregular bones
Protect / muscle attachment
Function of flat bones
Provide protection for vital organs
Short term effect on cardiovascular system
Increased heart rate
Increased stroke volume
Increased cardiac output
-This means increased oxygen transport to working muscles so more energy can be produced from aerobic respiration
Short term effects of respiratory system
Tidal volume increases
Breathing rate increases - more carbon dioxide exhaled more oxygen inhaled
Short term effect of muscular system
Muscle temperature increases - increased muscles elasticity (flexibility)
Increased lactate production - increased fatigue
Muscles tear
Long term effects of cardiovascular system
Increased number of red blood cells - blood can carry more oxygen to muscles
Faster recovery rate as heart is bigger
Increased cardiac hypertrophy
Increased capillerisation - more gas exchange
Long term effect of respiratory system
-increased vital capacity - more co2 exhaled
-increased number of alveoli - more gas exchange
-increased strength in diaphragm - more oxygen breathed in
Long term effect of muscular system
Increased size of muscles (muscle hypertrophy) - slow twitch muscles getter bigger through aerobic respiration, fast twitch muscles get bigger through anaerobic respiration
Increased muscles mass - increased muscular strength
Increased tolerance to lactic acid- allows muscles to carry on exercising at high intensities without tiring
Long term effect of skeletal system
tendons and ligaments increased strength so joints more stable so injury less likely
Bone density increases- more strong so reduced risk of injury
Role of tricep
Extension at the elbow
Role of pectoral is major
Adducts the arm at the shoulder
Role of latissimus Dorsi
Adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder
Role of gluteus Maximus
Adducts and extends the hips pulling the leg backwards
Role of quadriceps
extension at knee
Role of tibialis Anterior is
Dorsi flexion at the ankle
