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Unit 1- Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Function of skeletal system

A
  1. Joints for movement
  2. Protection of vital organs
  3. Muscle attachment
  4. Blood production
  5. Mineral storage
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2
Q

Different type of bones in body

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular

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3
Q

Example of long bone

A

Humerus, tibia, femur

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4
Q

Example of short bones

A

Carpel bones in hand

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5
Q

Example of flat bones

A

Rib cage, sternum, scapula

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6
Q

Example of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae

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7
Q

What is a joint

A

Where two bones meet

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8
Q

What is flexion

A

Closing a joint ( elbow for a basketball throw)

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9
Q

What is extension

A

Opening a joint (kicking a football)

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10
Q

What is adduction

A

Moving towards an imaginary centre line (swinging a golf club)

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11
Q

What is abduction

A

Moving away from imaginary centre line (taking back tennis racket before swinging)

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12
Q

What is rotation of a joint

A

Clockwise or anti-clockwise movement of a limb ( shoulder movement during a top spin forehand in tennis)

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13
Q

What is circumduction

A

Movement of limb in a circular motion ( bowling a cricket bowl)

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14
Q

What is plantar flexion

A

Extension at ankle (pointing during gymnastics)

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15
Q

What is dorsiflexion

A

Flexion at the ankle (lifting toes during gymnastics)

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16
Q

What are the types of joint

A

Hinge, ball and socket, condyloid, pivot

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17
Q

What is anaerobic energy

A

High intensity, less time for oxygen to be delivered, use much less oxygen during activity causes build up of lactic acid so can only work for short period of time
Example- snooker, boccia

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18
Q

What is aerobic energy

A

Activity is low to moderate intensity, gives them for oxygen to be delivered, use more oxygen during activity, avoids build up of lactic acid and removal of carbon dioxide, can work for longer
Example- long distance runner, football player

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19
Q

Long term effect of cardiovascular system

A

Decrease in resting heart rate
Increased no of red blood cells
Increase recovery time

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20
Q

Long term effects of respiratory system

A

Increased tidal volume, increased number of alveoli

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21
Q

Long term effects of muscular system

A

Increased muscular strength
Increased tolerance to lactic acid

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22
Q

Long term effects on skeletal system

A

Increased bone density, increased strength of tendons and ligaments

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23
Q

Short term effects of respiratory system

A

Breathing increases= allows more oxygen in and co2 out

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24
Q

Short term effects of cardiovascular system

A

Increase in stroke volume = pump more oxygenated blood to muscles to prevent fatiguing

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25
Short term effect of muscular system
Sweat rate increases= way of cooling down body
26
What are the types of muscles
Voluntary, involuntary, cardiac
27
What is a cardiac muscle
Found only heart, automatically contract or relax
28
What is an involuntary muscle
Not under your control, automatically contract or relax, found in organ and blood vessel walls so constrict and dilate
29
What is a voluntary muscle
Under your control, you choose when to control or relax, involved in movements of body , skeletal muscles
30
Does contraction shorten or lengthen muscle
Shorten
31
Does relaxation shorten or lengthen muscle
Lengthen
32
What is type 1 muscles fibres
Aerobic exercise example 10,000m
33
What is type IIa muscle fibres
Anaerobic exercise, example team sports
34
What is type IIx
Anaerobic exercise, very fast speed, example 100m, large amount of force produced
35
Function of cardiovascular system
Transport of o2 and glucose, temperature control (blood vessel vasoldilates, blood is cooled when closer to skin), clotting (platelets stick together creating a scab)
36
Components of blood
Plasma 55%, white blood cells, platelets 4%, red blood cells 41%
37
Function of plasma
Regulates body temperature
38
Function of white blood cells
Fight diseases and infections
39
Function of platelets
Seal wounds through scabs and blood clots
40
Function red blood cells
Contain haemoglobin which binds o2 and carries it around body
41
What is vascular shunting
Redistribution of blood, where blood is directed from inactive to active areas
42
What is vasodilation
Widening of lumen, supplying oxygenated blood to active areas
43
Function of vasoconstriction
Narrowing of lumen, supplying oxygenated blood to inactive areas
44
What is tendons
Join muscle to bone
45
What muscle contracts to bring about extension at the hip
Gluteus Maximus
46
What is the blood pressure as it leaves the heart
High
47
What is cardiac output
Amount of blood leaving heart per minute
48
What is stroke volume
Amount of blood leaving heart per beat
49
What is tidal capacity
Amount of air breathed in and out during normal breathing
50
Movement of gases in the alveoli
Diffusion = Oxygen out carbon dioxide in
51
Role of ligaments
Tissue that joins bone to bone reducing risk of injury during play
52
Why cardiovascular system needs to regulate a players body temp when playing sport 4 marks
Work rate increases during exercise So performers will get hot So performers CV system will redistribute blood flow to remove excess heat Allow them to maintain quality of performance
53
Example of ball and socket joint
Shoulder, hip
54
What are hinge joints and example
Only allowed to move in one direction Elbow, knee, ankle
55
Condyloid joint example
Allows you to flex and extend joint from side to side Example - Wrist
56
Pivot joint example
Neck
57
Long term training effect on cardiovascular system for long distance runner
Increased resting stroke volume so more blood leaving heart so work aerobically for longer
58
What type of bone is most suited for weight bearing activities
Short
59
What bone is part of the verbebral column
Cervical
60
What blood vessel takes blood away from heart
Aorta
61
What blood vessel takes blood to heart
Pulmonary vein
62
What vessel takes blood to lungs
Pulmonary artery
63
Where does gas exchange take place
Alveoli
64
Role of bicep
Flexes the arm at elbow
65
Role of hamstring
Flexes leg at knee
66
Role of gastrocnemius
Plantar flexion at ankle
67
Function of cardiovascular system
Transport oxygen so can work aerobically, remove co2 produced during exercise otherwise it will accumulate and you will fatigue
68
Name 3 parts of the lever system
Pivot, load, effort
69
What is the level of oxygen before gas exchange and after
High - Low
70
Does the antagonist contract or relax
Relaxes
71
Does the agonist contract or relax
Contract
72
Why do muscles work in pairs
Muscles can only pull
73
Antagonist or agonist? Which one produces the movement
Agonist
74
When a muscle lengthens and is not under tension it is said to be doing what
Relaxing
75
Example of antagonistic pairs
Bicep and tricep, quadricep and hamstring, hip flexor and gluteals, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
76
Function of long bone
Muscle attachment, leverage
77
Function of short bones
Weight bearing
78
Function of irregular bones
Protect / muscle attachment
79
Function of flat bones
Provide protection for vital organs
80
Short term effect on cardiovascular system
Increased heart rate Increased stroke volume Increased cardiac output -This means increased oxygen transport to working muscles so more energy can be produced from aerobic respiration
81
Short term effects of respiratory system
Tidal volume increases Breathing rate increases - more carbon dioxide exhaled more oxygen inhaled
82
Short term effect of muscular system
Muscle temperature increases - increased muscles elasticity (flexibility) Increased lactate production - increased fatigue Muscles tear
83
Long term effects of cardiovascular system
Increased number of red blood cells - blood can carry more oxygen to muscles Faster recovery rate as heart is bigger Increased cardiac hypertrophy Increased capillerisation - more gas exchange
84
Long term effect of respiratory system
-increased vital capacity - more co2 exhaled -increased number of alveoli - more gas exchange -increased strength in diaphragm - more oxygen breathed in
85
Long term effect of muscular system
Increased size of muscles (muscle hypertrophy) - slow twitch muscles getter bigger through aerobic respiration, fast twitch muscles get bigger through anaerobic respiration Increased muscles mass - increased muscular strength Increased tolerance to lactic acid- allows muscles to carry on exercising at high intensities without tiring
86
Long term effect of skeletal system
tendons and ligaments increased strength so joints more stable so injury less likely Bone density increases- more strong so reduced risk of injury
87
Role of tricep
Extension at the elbow
88
Role of pectoral is major
Adducts the arm at the shoulder
89
Role of latissimus Dorsi
Adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder
90
Role of gluteus Maximus
Adducts and extends the hips pulling the leg backwards
91
Role of quadriceps
extension at knee
92
Role of tibialis Anterior is
Dorsi flexion at the ankle

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