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Pe > Unit 1- Applied Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Unit 1- Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Function of skeletal system

A
  1. Joints for movement
  2. Protection of vital organs
  3. Muscle attachment
  4. Blood production
  5. Mineral storage
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2
Q

Different type of bones in body

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular

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3
Q

Example of long bone

A

Humerus, tibia, femur

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4
Q

Example of short bones

A

Carpel bones in hand

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5
Q

Example of flat bones

A

Rib cage, sternum, scapula

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6
Q

Example of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae

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7
Q

What is a joint

A

Where two bones meet

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8
Q

What is flexion

A

Closing a joint ( elbow for a basketball throw)

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9
Q

What is extension

A

Opening a joint (kicking a football)

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10
Q

What is adduction

A

Moving towards an imaginary centre line (swinging a golf club)

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11
Q

What is abduction

A

Moving away from imaginary centre line (taking back tennis racket before swinging)

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12
Q

What is rotation of a joint

A

Clockwise or anti-clockwise movement of a limb ( shoulder movement during a top spin forehand in tennis)

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13
Q

What is circumduction

A

Movement of limb in a circular motion ( bowling a cricket bowl)

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14
Q

What is plantar flexion

A

Extension at ankle (pointing during gymnastics)

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15
Q

What is dorsiflexion

A

Flexion at the ankle (lifting toes during gymnastics)

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16
Q

What are the types of joint

A

Hinge, ball and socket, condyloid, pivot

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17
Q

What is anaerobic energy

A

High intensity, less time for oxygen to be delivered, use much less oxygen during activity causes build up of lactic acid so can only work for short period of time
Example- snooker, boccia

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18
Q

What is aerobic energy

A

Activity is low to moderate intensity, gives them for oxygen to be delivered, use more oxygen during activity, avoids build up of lactic acid and removal of carbon dioxide, can work for longer
Example- long distance runner, football player

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19
Q

Long term effect of cardiovascular system

A

Decrease in resting heart rate
Increased no of red blood cells
Increase recovery time

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20
Q

Long term effects of respiratory system

A

Increased tidal volume, increased number of alveoli

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21
Q

Long term effects of muscular system

A

Increased muscular strength
Increased tolerance to lactic acid

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22
Q

Long term effects on skeletal system

A

Increased bone density, increased strength of tendons and ligaments

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23
Q

Short term effects of respiratory system

A

Breathing increases= allows more oxygen in and co2 out

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24
Q

Short term effects of cardiovascular system

A

Increase in stroke volume = pump more oxygenated blood to muscles to prevent fatiguing

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25
Q

Short term effect of muscular system

A

Sweat rate increases= way of cooling down body

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26
Q

What are the types of muscles

A

Voluntary, involuntary, cardiac

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27
Q

What is a cardiac muscle

A

Found only heart, automatically contract or relax

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28
Q

What is an involuntary muscle

A

Not under your control, automatically contract or relax, found in organ and blood vessel walls so constrict and dilate

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29
Q

What is a voluntary muscle

A

Under your control, you choose when to control or relax, involved in movements of body , skeletal muscles

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30
Q

Does contraction shorten or lengthen muscle

A

Shorten

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31
Q

Does relaxation shorten or lengthen muscle

A

Lengthen

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32
Q

What is type 1 muscles fibres

A

Aerobic exercise example 10,000m

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33
Q

What is type IIa muscle fibres

A

Anaerobic exercise, example team sports

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34
Q

What is type IIx

A

Anaerobic exercise, very fast speed, example 100m, large amount of force produced

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35
Q

Function of cardiovascular system

A

Transport of o2 and glucose, temperature control (blood vessel vasoldilates, blood is cooled when closer to skin), clotting (platelets stick together creating a scab)

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36
Q

Components of blood

A

Plasma 55%, white blood cells, platelets 4%, red blood cells 41%

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37
Q

Function of plasma

A

Regulates body temperature

38
Q

Function of white blood cells

A

Fight diseases and infections

39
Q

Function of platelets

A

Seal wounds through scabs and blood clots

40
Q

Function red blood cells

A

Contain haemoglobin which binds o2 and carries it around body

41
Q

What is vascular shunting

A

Redistribution of blood, where blood is directed from inactive to active areas

42
Q

What is vasodilation

A

Widening of lumen, supplying oxygenated blood to active areas

43
Q

Function of vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of lumen, supplying oxygenated blood to inactive areas

44
Q

What is tendons

A

Join muscle to bone

45
Q

What muscle contracts to bring about extension at the hip

A

Gluteus Maximus

46
Q

What is the blood pressure as it leaves the heart

A

High

47
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Amount of blood leaving heart per minute

48
Q

What is stroke volume

A

Amount of blood leaving heart per beat

49
Q

What is tidal capacity

A

Amount of air breathed in and out during normal breathing

50
Q

Movement of gases in the alveoli

A

Diffusion = Oxygen out carbon dioxide in

51
Q

Role of ligaments

A

Tissue that joins bone to bone reducing risk of injury during play

52
Q

Why cardiovascular system needs to regulate a players body temp when playing sport 4 marks

A

Work rate increases during exercise
So performers will get hot
So performers CV system will redistribute blood flow to remove excess heat
Allow them to maintain quality of performance

53
Q

Example of ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder, hip

54
Q

What are hinge joints and example

A

Only allowed to move in one direction

Elbow, knee, ankle

55
Q

Condyloid joint example

A

Allows you to flex and extend joint from side to side
Example - Wrist

56
Q

Pivot joint example

A

Neck

57
Q

Long term training effect on cardiovascular system for long distance runner

A

Increased resting stroke volume so more blood leaving heart so work aerobically for longer

58
Q

What type of bone is most suited for weight bearing activities

A

Short

59
Q

What bone is part of the verbebral column

A

Cervical

60
Q

What blood vessel takes blood away from heart

A

Aorta

61
Q

What blood vessel takes blood to heart

A

Pulmonary vein

62
Q

What vessel takes blood to lungs

A

Pulmonary artery

63
Q

Where does gas exchange take place

A

Alveoli

64
Q

Role of bicep

A

Flexes the arm at elbow

65
Q

Role of hamstring

A

Flexes leg at knee

66
Q

Role of gastrocnemius

A

Plantar flexion at ankle

67
Q

Function of cardiovascular system

A

Transport oxygen so can work aerobically, remove co2 produced during exercise otherwise it will accumulate and you will fatigue

68
Q

Name 3 parts of the lever system

A

Pivot, load, effort

69
Q

What is the level of oxygen before gas exchange and after

A

High - Low

70
Q

Does the antagonist contract or relax

A

Relaxes

71
Q

Does the agonist contract or relax

A

Contract

72
Q

Why do muscles work in pairs

A

Muscles can only pull

73
Q

Antagonist or agonist? Which one produces the movement

A

Agonist

74
Q

When a muscle lengthens and is not under tension it is said to be doing what

A

Relaxing

75
Q

Example of antagonistic pairs

A

Bicep and tricep, quadricep and hamstring, hip flexor and gluteals, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior

76
Q

Function of long bone

A

Muscle attachment, leverage

77
Q

Function of short bones

A

Weight bearing

78
Q

Function of irregular bones

A

Protect / muscle attachment

79
Q

Function of flat bones

A

Provide protection for vital organs

80
Q

Short term effect on cardiovascular system

A

Increased heart rate
Increased stroke volume
Increased cardiac output
-This means increased oxygen transport to working muscles so more energy can be produced from aerobic respiration

81
Q

Short term effects of respiratory system

A

Tidal volume increases
Breathing rate increases - more carbon dioxide exhaled more oxygen inhaled

82
Q

Short term effect of muscular system

A

Muscle temperature increases - increased muscles elasticity (flexibility)
Increased lactate production - increased fatigue
Muscles tear

83
Q

Long term effects of cardiovascular system

A

Increased number of red blood cells - blood can carry more oxygen to muscles
Faster recovery rate as heart is bigger
Increased cardiac hypertrophy
Increased capillerisation - more gas exchange

84
Q

Long term effect of respiratory system

A

-increased vital capacity - more co2 exhaled
-increased number of alveoli - more gas exchange
-increased strength in diaphragm - more oxygen breathed in

85
Q

Long term effect of muscular system

A

Increased size of muscles (muscle hypertrophy) - slow twitch muscles getter bigger through aerobic respiration, fast twitch muscles get bigger through anaerobic respiration
Increased muscles mass - increased muscular strength
Increased tolerance to lactic acid- allows muscles to carry on exercising at high intensities without tiring

86
Q

Long term effect of skeletal system

A

tendons and ligaments increased strength so joints more stable so injury less likely
Bone density increases- more strong so reduced risk of injury

87
Q

Role of tricep

A

Extension at the elbow

88
Q

Role of pectoral is major

A

Adducts the arm at the shoulder

89
Q

Role of latissimus Dorsi

A

Adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder

90
Q

Role of gluteus Maximus

A

Adducts and extends the hips pulling the leg backwards

91
Q

Role of quadriceps

A

extension at knee

92
Q

Role of tibialis Anterior is

A

Dorsi flexion at the ankle

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