UNIT 1 - Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Smallest particles to biggest organism

Answer 1

Chemical Level
Cellular Level
Tissue Level
Organ Level
Organ System Level
Organism Level

Question 2

4 Types of Tissues

Answer 2

Muscle Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Nervous Tissue

Question 3

Glandular Epithelial Tissue

Primary Job + 2 Types

Answer 3

Primary job is Secretion
Exocrine Gland - secrete either directly or through ducts ( ex. sweat, salivary gland)
Endocrine Gland - ductless and secrete directly into blood stream (ex. hormones)

Question 4

Mucous Membranes

Answer 4

epithelial tissue that line the passages and cavities that have exposure to the external environment and internal organs
* specialized epithelial cells and produce “MUCUS”, a clear, sticky fluid

Question 5

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

Answer 5

`1. Skeletal muscles (Voluntary) allow our bodies to move

2. Cardiac muscle (heart) (Involuntary)
3. Smooth or visceral muscle (Involuntary) - the muscles that moves food along the intestinal tract

Question 6

Epithelial Tissue

2 Main Kinds

Answer 6

consists of skin. glands, and membranes that line cavities

Glandular Epithelial Tissue

Question 7

4 Types of Connective Tissue

Answer 7

1. Soft Connective Tissue
   - Tendons (muscle to bone)
   - Ligaments (bone to bone)
2. Hard Connective Tissue
   - Cartilage (dense, translucent, bluish-white elastic tissue) ex. ear and nose)
   - Bone (dense connective tissue consisting of bone cells embedded in a matrix of calcified intercellular substance)

Question 8

Nerve Tissue (3)

Answer 8

Nerve tissue conducts nerve impulses

• brain
• the spinal cord that sends and receives nerve impulses throughout the body
• Neurons

Question 9

Organic Compounds (3)

Answer 9

1. Carbohydrates (sugars and starches)
2. Lipids (fats - cholesterol and triglycerides)
3. Proteins (amino acids and enzymes)

Question 10

4 essential processes of water

Answer 10

Absorption, Exchange, Secretion, Excretion

Question 11

Lytes

Answer 11

Na+ and K+

Question 12

Electrolyte

Answer 12

is a chemical substance that when dissolved in water dissociates into electrically charged particles

Question 13

Na+

Answer 13

transmission of nerve impulses and extracellular fluid balance

Question 14

Ka+

Answer 14

transmission of nerve impulses and intraceullular fluid balance

Question 15

Cl-

Answer 15

water balance

Question 16

HCO3-

Answer 16

Bicarbonate, Total CO2

Acid-base balance

Question 17

H

Answer 17

Hydrogen

Acid-base balance

Question 18

pH

Answer 18

hydrogen ion concentration

Question 19

Ca

Answer 19

Calcium - bones, teeth, blood clotting, muscle contraction

Question 20

Fe

Answer 20

Iron, blood hemoglobin

Question 21

P / PO4

Answer 21

Phosphorous, Phosphate

involved in bone formation and reabsorption

Question 22

Zn

Answer 22

Zinc - catalyst for enzyme reactions, contributes to immune function and brain function

Question 23

NH3 and NH4

Answer 23

Ammonia, ammonium

byproduct of protein breakdown

Question 24

Acid

Answer 24

chemical substance that is able to donate hydrogen ions to another substance

Question 25

Base

Answer 25

chemical substance that can accept hydrogen ions

Question 26

Acidosis

Answer 26

body pH that is very acidic

Question 27

Alkalosis

Answer 27

body pH that is very basic

Question 28

Blood pH

Answer 28

7.35-7.45

Question 29

Buffers

Answer 29

chemicals found in the body that help prevent large changes in the blood pH

Question 30

DNA

Answer 30

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 31

Osmosis

Answer 31

the movement of molecules of a solvent (such as water) through a semi-permeable memberane, which will lower the concentration of a solute on one side of the membrane until the concentration on both sides is even

Question 32

Extracellular Fluid

Answer 32

Outside the cell

Question 33

Intracellular Fluid

Answer 33

Inside the cell

Question 34

Isotonic

Answer 34

the net flow of water across the semi-permerable membrane is equal

Question 35

Hypertonic

Answer 35

Shrivel up | More concentrated than the intracellular fluid causing the water to flow out of the cell

Question 36

Hypotonic

Answer 36

Cell Bursts | Less concentrated than the intracellular fluid causing the water to rush into the cell

Question 37

Homeostasis

Answer 37

Resistance to change

Question 38

Types of Lipids (4)

Answer 38

1. Triglycerides (trig, Tg) 2. Cholesterol (chol) 3. Phospholipids 4. Lipoproteins - LDL (low density lipoproteins) - VLDL (very low density lipoproteins) - HDL (high density lipoproteins)

Question 39

biopsy

Answer 39

bx | a small core of tissue is removed from the body and is examined at the cellular level in histology

Question 40

Tp

Answer 40

Total protein

Question 41

Alb

Answer 41

Albumin

Question 42

RBS

Answer 42

Random blood sugar

Question 43

FBS

Answer 43

Fasting blood sugar

Question 44

GTT

Answer 44

Glucose Tolerance Test