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Sports Science IB > Unit 1: Anatomy > Flashcards

Unit 1: Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

Outlien the Axial Skeleton (composition, function, movement)

A
  • Made up of 80 bones (skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column).
  • Acts as the framework of the skeleton.
  • Is rigid with little movement
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2
Q

Describe the composition and fuinctions of the Skull

A
  • Divided into Face/Cranium
  • Protects brain, eyes and ears
  • Contains teeth
  • Made out of 22 bones
  • Priovides attachment for chewing muscles
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3
Q

Outlien the compositiona and functions of the Sternum

A
  • Flat bone at the bottom of the throat, halfway down center of the chest
  • Attachment for ribs and also protects vital organs in thorax
  • Made up of 3 parts: Manubrium (top), body, xiphoid process (tail)
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4
Q

Where do the Ribs articulate? What is an important function they have?

A
  • Articulate with sternum (front) and thoracic vertebrae (back)
  • 12 pairs: 1-7 (true, attach to sternum), 8-10 (false, attach to rib 7), 11-12 (floating, not attached to sternum)
  • Intercostal muscles essential for breathing located between ribs (any damage to ribs affect breathing)
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5
Q

What is the Thoracic Cage made up of and what is its main function?

A
  • Made up of sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae
  • Protects vital organs
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6
Q

Outline the composition of the vertebral Column

A
  • 33 vertebraes
  • Strong and flexible
  • Body = largest/flattest part
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7
Q

Outline the composition and function of the Coccyx

A
  • 4 vertebrae
  • Last part of column
  • Fuses with sacral at age 30
  • Vestigal (functionless) structure but helps stabilize body when sitting
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8
Q

Outline the composition and function of the Sacral vertebrae

A
  • 5 vertebrae fused into 1
  • Transmits weight from body to pelvis and legs
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9
Q

Outline the composition and function of the Lumbar vertebrae

A
  • 5 vertebrae
  • Biggest and strongest
  • Major role in weight-bearing, absorbs high compression loads
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10
Q

Outline the composition and function of the Thoracic vertebrae

A
  • 12 vertebrae
  • Movement more restricted
  • Ribs attached to each side of vertebrae
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11
Q

Outline the composition and function of the Cervical vertebrae

A
  • 7 Vertebrae
  • Smallest ones
  • More movement than thoracic and lumbar
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12
Q

Outline the composition and function of the Intervertebral Disc

A
  • Shock absorber
  • Makes column more flexible
  • Outer ring of fibrocartilage called anulus fibrosus
  • Gel-like structure in the middle called nucleus pulposus
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13
Q

Outline the Functions of the Vertebral Column

A
  • Increase strength
  • Maintain upright balance
  • Absorb shocks during weight-bearing exercise
  • Support head
  • Enclose and protect the spinal cord
  • Transmit the weight from the body to the legs
  • Attachment point for ribs and back muscles
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14
Q

Explain Spinal Curves

A
  • Primary: present in fetus ; Secondary: Appear when child can hold head
  • Thoracic and Sacral Curves: Anteriorly Concave
  • Cervical and Lumbar Curves: Anteriorly Convex
  • Convex = caves outwards at the front, Concave = caves inwards at the front
  • If head is facing <-; convex= c ; concave = ↄ
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15
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A
  • 126 bones
  • Enclose important structures and are essential for movement
  • Divided into upper/lower body
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16
Q

Pectoral Girdle

A
  • Clavicles and scapulae
  • Allows for arm movement
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17
Q

Clavicles

A
  • S-shaped
  • Positions arms in the body
  • Articulates laterally with the scapulae and to axial skeleton on sternum
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18
Q

Scapulae

A
  • Flat triangle bones at the back of pectoral girdle
  • Articulate the clavicle and humerus
19
Q

Humerus

A
  • Shoulder -> elbow
  • Articulates with scapula at upper end (shoulder joint)
  • Articulates with ulna at lower end (elbow joint)
20
Q

Forearm

A
  • Radius and ulna (long and parallel) held together by interosseous membrane which also provides stability
  • Radius on thumb side, Ulna on medial side (radioulnar joint)
  • Radius and Ulna articulate with hand at wrist
21
Q

Carpals

A
  • 2 rows and 8 short bones in total
  • Proximal row articulates with radius and ulna
  • Distal (away from centre of body) row articulates with metacarpals (hand framework)
22
Q

Metacrapals

A
  • Distal side articulates with phalanges
23
Q

Phalanges

A
  • Each finger has 3 (proximal, middle, distal)
  • Thumb has 2 (proximal, distal)
24
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A
  • 3 bones fused together: ilium, ischium, pelvis
  • Articulates with sacrum
  • Provides link between lower extermities and axial skeleton
  • Supports body weight
  • Attachment for thigh muscles
  • Protects organs
25
Q

Femur

A
  • Longest/heaviest bone
  • Articulates with pelvis (acetabulum socket) to form hip joint
  • Distally articulates with tibia to form knee joint
26
Q

Tibia/Fibula

A
  • Long bone
  • Anterior = tibia; fibula runs parallel
  • Held together by interosseous membrane
27
Q

Patella

A
  • Small triangle in knee joint
  • Protects joint and maintains tendons when knee bends
  • Increases leverage of quadriceps tendon
28
Q

Tarsals

A
  • 7 bones
  • Articulate with tibia (proximal) and metatarsals (distal)
  • Talus is tarsal attached to tibia, most prominent tarsal is calcaneus
29
Q

Metatarsals

A
  • 5 bones between tarsals and phalanges
30
Q

Phalanges

A
  • Each toe has 3, big toe has 1
31
Q

Axial vs Appendicular

A

Axial:
- Protects internal organs (brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, etc…)
- Acts as support and maintenance of posture and structure (vertebral column)
- Provides attachment points for muscles (sternum)
Appendicular:
- Provides attachment points for muscles that enable movement
- Protection of reproductive organs
Both:
- Calcium and other mineral stores
- Involved in blood cell production (ribs and longbones)
- involved in energy storage (yellow marrow)

32
Q

Inferior

A

Below/further from head; lower part of structure (sternum inferior to chin)

33
Q

Superor

A

-Above/nearer to head; upper part of structure; above (head superior to coccyx)

34
Q

Proximal

A

-Nearer to where limb attaches to body; closer to origin (thigh proximal to knee)

35
Q

Distal

A

Further from where limb attaches to body; further from origin (wrist distal o elbow)

36
Q

Posterior (dorsal)

A

behind; nearer to back

37
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

in front; nearer to front

38
Q

Lateral

A

Further from miline of body

39
Q

Medial

A

Closer to midline of body

40
Q

Long Bones

A

Always longer than wider, most important for movement (femur/humerus/tibia…)

41
Q

Short bones

A

Small and cubed shaped, as long as they are wide, usually articulate with more than one bone, provide support/stability (tarsals/carpals)

42
Q

Flat bones

A

Curved surface, thick/thin, provide protection, big surface for muscle attachment (sternum)

43
Q

Irregular bones

A

Special shapes and functions (vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)

44
Q
A

Sports Science IB (6 decks)

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