Unit 1: Anatomy Flashcards
Outlien the Axial Skeleton (composition, function, movement)
- Made up of 80 bones (skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column).
- Acts as the framework of the skeleton.
- Is rigid with little movement
Describe the composition and fuinctions of the Skull
- Divided into Face/Cranium
- Protects brain, eyes and ears
- Contains teeth
- Made out of 22 bones
- Priovides attachment for chewing muscles
Outlien the compositiona and functions of the Sternum
- Flat bone at the bottom of the throat, halfway down center of the chest
- Attachment for ribs and also protects vital organs in thorax
- Made up of 3 parts: Manubrium (top), body, xiphoid process (tail)
Where do the Ribs articulate? What is an important function they have?
- Articulate with sternum (front) and thoracic vertebrae (back)
- 12 pairs: 1-7 (true, attach to sternum), 8-10 (false, attach to rib 7), 11-12 (floating, not attached to sternum)
- Intercostal muscles essential for breathing located between ribs (any damage to ribs affect breathing)
What is the Thoracic Cage made up of and what is its main function?
- Made up of sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae
- Protects vital organs
Outline the composition of the vertebral Column
- 33 vertebraes
- Strong and flexible
- Body = largest/flattest part
Outline the composition and function of the Coccyx
- 4 vertebrae
- Last part of column
- Fuses with sacral at age 30
- Vestigal (functionless) structure but helps stabilize body when sitting
Outline the composition and function of the Sacral vertebrae
- 5 vertebrae fused into 1
- Transmits weight from body to pelvis and legs
Outline the composition and function of the Lumbar vertebrae
- 5 vertebrae
- Biggest and strongest
- Major role in weight-bearing, absorbs high compression loads
Outline the composition and function of the Thoracic vertebrae
- 12 vertebrae
- Movement more restricted
- Ribs attached to each side of vertebrae
Outline the composition and function of the Cervical vertebrae
- 7 Vertebrae
- Smallest ones
- More movement than thoracic and lumbar
Outline the composition and function of the Intervertebral Disc
- Shock absorber
- Makes column more flexible
- Outer ring of fibrocartilage called anulus fibrosus
- Gel-like structure in the middle called nucleus pulposus
Outline the Functions of the Vertebral Column
- Increase strength
- Maintain upright balance
- Absorb shocks during weight-bearing exercise
- Support head
- Enclose and protect the spinal cord
- Transmit the weight from the body to the legs
- Attachment point for ribs and back muscles
Explain Spinal Curves
- Primary: present in fetus ; Secondary: Appear when child can hold head
- Thoracic and Sacral Curves: Anteriorly Concave
- Cervical and Lumbar Curves: Anteriorly Convex
- Convex = caves outwards at the front, Concave = caves inwards at the front
- If head is facing <-; convex= c ; concave = ↄ
Appendicular skeleton
- 126 bones
- Enclose important structures and are essential for movement
- Divided into upper/lower body
Pectoral Girdle
- Clavicles and scapulae
- Allows for arm movement
Clavicles
- S-shaped
- Positions arms in the body
- Articulates laterally with the scapulae and to axial skeleton on sternum
Scapulae
- Flat triangle bones at the back of pectoral girdle
- Articulate the clavicle and humerus
Humerus
- Shoulder -> elbow
- Articulates with scapula at upper end (shoulder joint)
- Articulates with ulna at lower end (elbow joint)
Forearm
- Radius and ulna (long and parallel) held together by interosseous membrane which also provides stability
- Radius on thumb side, Ulna on medial side (radioulnar joint)
- Radius and Ulna articulate with hand at wrist
Carpals
- 2 rows and 8 short bones in total
- Proximal row articulates with radius and ulna
- Distal (away from centre of body) row articulates with metacarpals (hand framework)
Metacrapals
- Distal side articulates with phalanges
Phalanges
- Each finger has 3 (proximal, middle, distal)
- Thumb has 2 (proximal, distal)
Pelvic Girdle
- 3 bones fused together: ilium, ischium, pelvis
- Articulates with sacrum
- Provides link between lower extermities and axial skeleton
- Supports body weight
- Attachment for thigh muscles
- Protects organs
Femur
- Longest/heaviest bone
- Articulates with pelvis (acetabulum socket) to form hip joint
- Distally articulates with tibia to form knee joint
Tibia/Fibula
- Long bone
- Anterior = tibia; fibula runs parallel
- Held together by interosseous membrane
Patella
- Small triangle in knee joint
- Protects joint and maintains tendons when knee bends
- Increases leverage of quadriceps tendon
Tarsals
- 7 bones
- Articulate with tibia (proximal) and metatarsals (distal)
- Talus is tarsal attached to tibia, most prominent tarsal is calcaneus
Metatarsals
- 5 bones between tarsals and phalanges
Phalanges
- Each toe has 3, big toe has 1
Axial vs Appendicular
Axial:
- Protects internal organs (brain, spinal cord, heart, lungs, etc…)
- Acts as support and maintenance of posture and structure (vertebral column)
- Provides attachment points for muscles (sternum)
Appendicular:
- Provides attachment points for muscles that enable movement
- Protection of reproductive organs
Both:
- Calcium and other mineral stores
- Involved in blood cell production (ribs and longbones)
- involved in energy storage (yellow marrow)
Inferior
Below/further from head; lower part of structure (sternum inferior to chin)
Superor
-Above/nearer to head; upper part of structure; above (head superior to coccyx)
Proximal
-Nearer to where limb attaches to body; closer to origin (thigh proximal to knee)
Distal
Further from where limb attaches to body; further from origin (wrist distal o elbow)
Posterior (dorsal)
behind; nearer to back
Anterior (ventral)
in front; nearer to front
Lateral
Further from miline of body
Medial
Closer to midline of body
Long Bones
Always longer than wider, most important for movement (femur/humerus/tibia…)
Short bones
Small and cubed shaped, as long as they are wide, usually articulate with more than one bone, provide support/stability (tarsals/carpals)
Flat bones
Curved surface, thick/thin, provide protection, big surface for muscle attachment (sternum)
Irregular bones
Special shapes and functions (vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx)
