UNIT 1 A&P II Flashcards
Define the composition of whole blood
red blood cells(erythrocytes), white blood cells(leukoytes), plasma, platelets
cardiovascular organs
heart and blood vessels
circulatory system
heart, blood vessels, blood
what type of tissue is blood?
connective tissue
what is the typical pH of human blood?
(characteristics)
7.35-7.45
what volume of blood does your body contain?
(characteristics)
1.5 Gal or 4-5 liters for women
5-6 L for men
Hemo or hemato
blood
centrifugation layers: Top-
55% plasma least dense
centrifugation layers: middle
1% leukocytes and platelets(tiny)
centrifugation bottom
45% erythrocytes(RBC’s)
hematocrit
hematocritic value=
amount of FBCs in whole blood
Blood functions: transport
oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, ions
nutrients(glucose, amino and fatty acids),
wastes(urea and other metabolic toxins)
Blood functions: regulate
Body temp: absorb and transport heat
pH: uses buffers and bicarbonate ions HCO3-
fluid volume: osmolarity
Blood functions: protect
prevent blood loss through clotting (hemostasis)
Infection/inflammation with antibodies and WBCs
hemopoiesis(hematopoiesis) means…
production of blood cells
hemopoiesis begins with …
and then…
begins with hematopoietic stem celss
Then differentiates into spiecifi formed element.
it occurs in red bone marrow in axial skeleton of humerus and femur
and also in fetus (yolk, sac, liver, spleen, and bone marrow)
marrow consists of connective tissue and …
Blood sinusoids (networks of blood vessels) an open type of blood vessel.
100 billion cells a day depending on body needs and regulatory factors
erythropoiesis is
RBC formation
low oxygen in blood(hypoxia) increases,,,
erythropoietin (EPO) production in kidneys
HIgh levels of RBCs or oxygen decrease…
erythropoietin (EPO) production
lox oxygen in blood increases erythropoietin production(EPO) in kidneys. high levels of RBCs or oxygen decrease EPO production. this is called a ….
negative feedback loop
oxygen low because decreased RBCs possible causes..
hemorrhage, bleeding,
decreased hemoglobin occurs with …
iron deficiency
high altitudes causes decreased…
oxygen
erythropoietin increases ….
and causes….
increases necessary raw materials(amino acids, iron)
and causes erythropoiesis in bone marrow
RBC is
erythrocytes
WBC
leukocytes
platelets
fragments or thrombocytes
plasma is what percent water and solvent
plasma is 90% water, a good solvent and holds heat
it is 10% solutes
inorganic ions, electrolytes
proteins
nutrients, gases, hormones and nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid
the solutes contain what?
inorganic ions and electrolytes such as sodium, calcium and bicarbonate that maintain osmotic pressure and blood pH.
proteins
nutrients, gases, hormones, and nitrogenous wastes
proteins in plasma( albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen) help to do what..
they help to draw water back into our blood and maintain volume pressure.
They contribute to osmotic pressure, transport substances, and assist in clotting
They are not taken up by cells-proteins stay in the blood
platelets have what structure?
they have no nucleus
they are flattened cell fragments from megakaryocytes
they contain some granules
What is the life span of platelets?
10 days
what is the function of platelets?
participate in blood clotting
(thrombopoietin causes formation)
Erythrocytes are the most…
formed element
Erythrocytes shape is…
biconcave disc because there is no nucleus
this allows cell to stack, bend, twist,
and allows greater surface area for gas exchange
The Cellular components of erythrocytes are…
anucleate(no nucleus)
no organelles
no mitochondria(no 02 consumption) we don’t want it eating the oxygen when it’s bringing it to our cells
Lots of hemoglobin (Hb)!!
life span of erythrocytes is
100-120 days and then the parts are recycled
The function of erythrocytes is
to bind and transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide
what is hemoglobin (Hb)?
protein with red color
what is embolus
thrombus that breaks from vessel wall, moves through blood stream
embolism
when embolus obstructs blood flow
arrhythmia
irregular. heart rhythm due to defects in conduction system, changes in ECG suggest disease disorder
fibrillation
rapid, irregular contractions (in the atria or ventricles). must be defibrillated or circulation ends-*>leading to death. debrillator electrically shocks heart, interrupting irregularity
AED automated external defibrillator
ICD implantable cardioverter defibillator
ectopic focus
abnormal pacemaker due to defective SA node.
appears as junctional rhythm (no P wave) on ECG
caused by either hyperexcited cells or AV node functioning as pacemaker instead of SA node.
heart block
damaged AV nod prevents ventricular impulses and contraction,* prevents adequate circulation
artificial pacemakers reestablish link between atria and ventricles and can send diagnostics to physician by telephone!
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium (due to bacterial or fungal infection)
pulmonary congestion
left side of the heart fails while right side continues to pump blood to the lyngs
myocardial infarction
“heart attack” when blood stops flowing properly to part of the heart and the heart muscle is injured due to not receiving enough oxygen
cerebrovascular accident
“stroke” mst common cause is a blood clot that blocks the cerebral artery
atherosclerosis
hardening of the arteries due to plaque build-up
ventricular tachycardia
rapid heartbeat in the ventricles, can deteriorate into ventricular fibrillation, pulse rate of more than 100 beats per minute with at least 3 irregular heartbeats in a row
thrombus
clot that develops in unbroken blood vessel
leukocytosis
homeostatic response of an increased WBC count (over 11,000 cells/ul) due to infection
define plasma-
listing its major constituents and their functions:
Carbon dioxide
Hormones
Oxygen
Proteins
Water/wastes
Ions(electrolytes)
Nutrients
Greatest to least prevalent Leukocytes
Never let monkeys eat bananas
Neutrophil-
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
neutrophil
(leukocyte)
muti-lobed nucleus
light(lilac) color
bacterial slayer-kills by respiratory bursts or defensins(Poke holes), increase during meningitis and appendicitis
eosinophil(leukocyte)
bilobed nucleus
bright pink cytoplasm
allergy and asthma
attack parasitic worms
basophil(leukocyte)
b basic
hidden nucleus(bilobed)
dark purple/blue
granulocyte
vasodilator and attractor
lymphocyte
Leukocyte
large, spherical nucleus
sliver of cytoplasm(crescent moon shape)
light blue color
Agranulogyte
T-cells infection-act on infected cells or tumor cells
B-cells Antibodies-become plasma cells and release antibodies
(immunoglobins)
Monocytes
leukocyte
kidney shaped nucleus(U-shaped)
not bilobed
light blue
larger cell
Agranulocyte
Macrophage
phagocytes
Active immune response
describe clot retraction
bring wall back together
PDGF(plate derived growth factor) of the wall-helps it rebuild
describe fibrinolysis
break down the clot(TPA)
Describe the physiology of cardiac muscle contraction, comparing auto-rhythmic and contractile fibers
1% autorhythmic
99% contractile depolarization??
describe the microscopic anatomy of cardiac muscle tissue
striation
mitochondria
I bands/A bands (light/dark lines)
intercalated discs
gap junctions
uninucleated
what are the components of the conduction system?
the SA node (sinoatrial)
Atrioventricular (AV)node
bundle of His
the left and right bundle branches
purkinje fibers
Leukocyte production (leukopoiesis) is stimulated by..
hormones and paracrines ike interleukins and colony stimulating factorsCSF
leukocytes live for…
years
erythrocytes live for
months
?
state the definition of agranulocytes and list their names
agranulocytes are White blood cells that have no granules in the cytoplasm
monocytes, lymphocytes
state definition and list names of granulocytes
Granulocytes are WBC with visible granules in the cytoplasm
_neutrophil
-easinophil
-basophil
platelets …
-contain granules
-can only live about 10 days
-participate in the process of hemostasis
-“stick” to each other and collagen fibers to form a plug
-as part of a positive feedback loop, platelets release chemicals to attract additional platelets
-contract to draw vessels walls together
-produce a growth factor called PDGF
erythrocytes are packed full of …
hemoglobin and ejects its nucleus during hemopoiesis
eosinophils are important responders to…
allergic reactions and the cytoplasmic granules stain bright red
basophils contain histamine within granules that is a …
vasodilator and an attractant for other immune cells
lyphocytes have 2 distinct forms, one that produces….
antibodies
plasma contains proteins like…
albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen important for transport and clotting
Electrocardiogram
(ECG. EKG) detects electrical currents on body surface from action potentials
the P wave means that…
the atria are depolarizing.
it causes atrial contraction which is blood emptying the atria
The QRS wave in and ECG shows that after that atrai depolarize and empty in to the ventricles…
the ventricles depolarize and the atria repolarize.
This causes ventricular contraction and blood empties the ventricles
while at the same time atrial repolarization, relaxation and blood filling is happening
The T wave in ECG depicts….
ventricular repolarization
allows ventricular relaxation and the blood fills again
0.8 seconds toatl for all the waves
0.4 seconds for heart at rest
heart sounds are…
blood hitting valves as they close (due to increased pressure)
“lub” sound is loudest . it is the closure of the
AV valves (tricuspid)
“dup” sounds is the closure of the …
semilunar valve(SL)
pulmonary aortic valves
a stethoscope is used for auscultation which is..
listening to heart beat of valve on thorax
each valve detected at specific intercostal thoracic locations
heart murmur is
abnormal heart sounds (swishing or gurgling) from turbulent flowing blood often associated with faulty valves
cardiac cycle is
one complete heartbeat (contraction/relaxation of both atria and ventricles) :it lasts 0.8 seconds (if 75 BPM)
cardiac cycle
systole is the …
contraction of chamber (causes blood emptying)
cardiac cycle
Diastole is the
relaxation of chamber (causes blood filling)
cardiac cycle events
Electrical-
mechanical
blood flow
(depolarization
Contraction
blood emptying) starts with ..
atria
atrial systole and diastole., then ventricular systole and diastole
isovolumetric =
same volume as all valves closed
centers within medulla modify heart rhythm
cardio-acceleratory center….
speeds rhythm
neurons from ceneter synapse with sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons (T1-T5) , then post ganglionic neuron, the SA and AV nodes
cardio-inhibitory center…
slows rhythm
branches of the vagus nerve CNX carrying parasympathetic fibers inhibit SA and AV nodes
