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A&P II > EXAM 4 > Flashcards

EXAM 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

all chemical reactions within cells, catabolic (break) or anabolic (make)

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2
Q

what do we take in?

A

nutrients (hopefully) =carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

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3
Q

why are we hungry? what stimulates hunger? hypothalamus regulates….

A

hypothalamus regulates feeding(hunger) and satiety (fullness)
*both neural and hormonal controls

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4
Q

what happens to food? large to small.. broken from complex…

A

to simple(small carbon chains {C-
C-C-C-C-C}glucose–in digestive system

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5
Q

Triglycerides are…

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids

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6
Q

cells use small carbon chains to make how many glucose..

A

36ATP glucose

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7
Q

aerobic cellular respiration includes:
1. Glycolysis(located in cytoplasm) goes to …>

A

glucose >2pyruvate and 2 ATP (electron carriers)

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8
Q

aerobic cellular respiration includes:
2. preparatory reaction>

A

2 pyruvate >2 acetyl CoA

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9
Q

Aerobic cellular Respiration includes:
Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle>

A

2 Acetyl CoA >released as CO2

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10
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation (most critical step)>

A

Most ATP

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11
Q

Molecular Equation of aerobic cell respiration:

A

C6H12O6 + >CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)

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12
Q

Gastro-intestinal (GI)

A

esophagus>anus
innermost to outmost layers:
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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13
Q

mucosa is the innermost layer and it has…

A

contact with food, is primarily epithelial tissue (columnar and goblet cells)

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14
Q

submucosa is what kind of tissue>

A

connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels and glands

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15
Q

muscularis has two layers.

A

smooth muscle (Involuntary)
skeletal muscle (voluntary) -anal and esophagal) @beginning and end of tract

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16
Q

serosa has three layers…

A

connective tissue layers (serous membranes):
serosa are made up of
visceral peritoneum (abdomen) >covers abdominal organs.
-parietal peritoneum>lines cavity wall
-peritoneal extensions(beyond peritoneum)>mesentery, greater omentum(hangs down off organ)

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17
Q

Functions: How do we transfer nutrients from external to internal environment(food to cells)?

A

-Ingest(into mouth)
-Digest (chemical and mechanical)
-Egest (defecation, eliminate waste)
-Secretion (mucus, enzymes)
-Absorption (Most Important!!) simple molecules pass into blood or lymph vessels
–small intestine>absorbs all nutrients
–large intestine>absorbs water, vitamins

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18
Q

Types of Digestion:
chemical digestion>

A

catabolic process, enzymes break complex molecules into simple

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19
Q

Types of Digestion:
Mechanical digestion>

A

phsyical (churned segmentation etc) movements of digestive tract (increases surface area for enzymes)

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20
Q

mechanical digestion(muscle)
Peristalsis (like squeezing tubes of toothpaste)…they are…

A

unidirectional, forward movement

21
Q

Mechanical digestion
Segmentation (like blender or washer/dryer…it is …

A

multidirectional mixing

22
Q

mucus (GI Tract) secretions do what?

A

Coat food and protect GI tract

23
Q

Bile salts (secretions in liver, gall bladder) do what?

A

emulsify lipids

24
Q

Hydrochloric Acid(secretions in stomach) does what?

A

helps to activate pepsin for protein digestion

24
Pepsin (secretion in stomach) does what?
is activated by HCl for protein(enzyme) digestion
25
Bicarbonate HCO3- (acinar cells of pancreas) do what?
neutralize acid
26
Enzymes (secretions of salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, brush border) do what?
facilitate food break down and work best at specific pH. Amylase-starch/sugar splitter lipase-fat splitter protease-protein splitter
27
Gastrointestinal hormones: Gastrin: secreted from where? What causes it to be secreted
It is secreted from entero-endocrine cells Presence of Proteinn High pH stretch
28
Gasrointestinal Hormones: Gastrin: Does it stimulate or inhibit gastric secretion and mobility? What is the specific function of the hormone?
Gastrin is stimulated in the stomach It's function is to digest proteins
29
Gastrointestinal Hormones: Secretin: Where is it secreted from? What causes it to be secreted?
Secretin is secreted from the duodenum. Presence of chyme acidic
30
Gastrointestinal Hormones: Secretin: Does it stimulate or inhibit gastric secretion and mobility? What is the specific function of this hormone?
Secretin inhibits stomach It stimulates pacreas to release HCO3- to neutralize the acid chyme
31
Gastrointestinal Hormones: Cholecystokinin (CCK): Where is it secreted from? What causes it to be secreted or the presence of?
Cholecystokinin is secreted from duodenum. presence of fatty chyme
32
Gastrointestinal Hormones: CCK Does it stimulate or inhibit gastric secretion and motility? What is the specific function of the hormone?
Cholecystokinin inhibits in stomach Its function is to digest fats/lipids.' in the pancreas, gall bladder, liver>bile lipase digest
33
What is the primary location for protein digestion?
stomach We don't digest protein until stomach
34
What secretions(enzymes and acid) are critical for protein digestion and which cells release these?
Pepsin(chief cells) and HCl (parietal cells)
35
Where does most nutrient absorption occur in the GI tract?
small intestine
36
When digested foodstuffs (small carbon chains) enter the wall of the digestive trace, which structures carry them away to other body locations?
blood and lymph vessels
37
3 phases of digestion: 1. cephalic> initiated by...
taste/smell of food neural stimulation (Vagus n) causes gastric secretion
38
3 Phases of digestion: 2. Gastric> food enters where?
stomach (beginning of protein digestion, churning occurs Hormone gastrin stimulates gastric secretion and motility
39
3 Phases of digestion: Intestinal:> 4 hours after a meal, small amounts of what are released into duodenum?
chyme
40
Small intestine DJI(don't jump igloos) are what regions?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
41
increased surface are =
increased absorption
42
circular folds, like ridges(Plica circularis) >
folds of nucosa and submucosa
43
Fingers on folds (columnar and goblet cells, capillaries and lacteals) are what?
villi
44
Extension of columnar membrane is what?
Brush border (microvilli)
45
membrane proteins, finish protein and carbohydrate digestion are what structure?
brush border enzymes
46
secrete intestinal juice into lumen, secrete secretin and CCK into blood is...
intestinal cryptsf
47
function of submucosal glands....
secretions (HCO3-) neutralize chyme, prevent destruction
48
motility is
segmentation (mixing)

A&P II (6 decks)

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