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A&P II > A&P II EXAM 3 > Flashcards

A&P II EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How does respiratory system maintain homeostasis?

A

exchange of oxygen/carbon dioxide between external and internal environments

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2
Q

What process in our body requires oxygen in order to generate ATP (energy)?

A

cellular respiration
this process releases carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct

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3
Q

breathing occurs through a process called ….

A

pulmonary ventilation
breathing in-inspiration/inhalation
breathing out-expiration/exhalation

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4
Q

what is #2 external respiration?

A

exchange between lungs and blood

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5
Q

what is #3 transport of gases?

A

cardiovascular system pumps blood between lungs and tissues

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6
Q

what is #4 internal respiration?

A

exchange between blood and tissues

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7
Q

internal respiration is

A

exchange with blood

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8
Q

the 4 respiratory processes are…

A

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of gases, internal respiration

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9
Q

trace a molecule of oxygen that has entered the nasal or oral cavity until it reached the alveoli of lungs.

A

nasal/oral cavities>pharynx>larynx>trachea>
bronchi>bronchioles>alveoli

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10
Q

At what point do the structures of respiratory system change from conduction zone to respiratory zone?

A

between terminal and respiratory bronchioles

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11
Q

aside from providing conduits for air to travel, what else does the conducting zone of the respiratory system do?

A

cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air

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12
Q

Respiratory structures and functions: nose (nasal cavity and septum)

A

warm, filter, moisten, speech and smell

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13
Q

Respiratory structures and functions:
Paranasal sinuses-

A

speech

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14
Q

Respiratory structures and functions:
pharynx (including tonsils)-

A

passageway for air and food

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15
Q

Respiratory structures and functions:
larynx (including vocal folds)-

A

passageway (epiglottis prevent food entry)
and voice box

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16
Q

Respiratory structures and functions:
trachea and bronchial tree

A

passageway -transport air from environment to lungs
clean, warm, moisten

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17
Q

Respiratory structures and functions:
alveoli (including surfactant)

A

surfactant lowers surface tension/prevents lung collapse
-location of gas exchange

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18
Q

Respiratory structures and functions:
pleurae (including pleural fluid)

A

lubricating fluid
compartmentalize lungs

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19
Q

function of respiratory membrane is to allow…

A

is to allow gas exchange by simple diffusion and to exist as a blood-air barrier

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20
Q

list the 3 layers of the respiratory membrand from inside blood to inside the alveolus..

A

capillary endothelium
flimsy basement membrane
simple squamous epithelium (type 1 alveoli)

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21
Q

what additional cells exist within the alveoli and what is each of their functions?

A

Type 2 secrete surfactant (which decreases surface tension) and antimicrobial proteins

macrophages>phagocytize microbes

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22
Q

list the pleurae that surround the lung from superficial to deep. what is each layer attached to?

A

these are serous membranes..
i. parietal pleura-attache to chest wall
ii. pleural cavity-filled with pleural fluid (lubrication during breathing)
iii. visceral pleura attached to lung surface

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23
Q

the relationship between pressure and volume is known as…

A

Boyle’s Law
^volume up, pressure down
volume down, pressure up

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24
Q

intrapulmonary pressure increases or decreases to allow inspiration?

A

decreases

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25
what pressure is always negative and helps to keep the lungs inflated?
intrapleural pressure Pip
26
a decrease in surfactant will result in a decrease or increase in compliance?
decrease
27
oxygen is loaded at the ----- and unloaded at the -----
loaded at eh lungs and unloaded at the tissues
28
the Bohr effect weakens the bond between hemoglobin and oxygen promoting (loading/unloading) to occur?
unloading
29
list 2 ways that oxygen(attached to iron) is transported through blood
98.5% hemoglobin (iron) oxygen attaches to the iron 1.5% plasma (dissolves in plasma)
30
Blood that is 98% saturated is called -------or O2 rich blood ?
oxygenated and contains 4 molecules of oxygen bound to each (heme group) hemoglobin
31
blood that is only 40-75% saturated is ------- or 02 poor blood and contains ....
deoxygenated and contains only 1-3 molecules of oxygen bound to each Hb(hemoglobin) this blood travels through the systemic veins and the pulmonary arteries
32
At the tissues of the body CO2 gas is converted to a what?
bicarbonate ion HCO3-, and leaves the erythrocyte as chloride enters.
33
list 3 ways carbon dioxide is transported through blood...
7-10% carbon dioxide dissolves in plasma at the tissue 20% carbon dioxide binds to Hb in RBCs hemoglobin attached to amino acid in globin protein, not heme 70% carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate ion(HCO3-)
34
volume changes lead to what kind of changes which lead to air flow into or out of lungs?
pressure changes
35
atmospheric pressure Patm > pressure exerted by ...
gases is air outside of body (atmosphere)
36
intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) > pressure in ..
alveoli of lungs always equalizes with Patm.
37
Intrapleural pressure (Pip) pressure in the...
pleural cavity must be less than Ppul
38
Boyle's law at constant temperature, pressure of gas
is inversely (opposite) related to volume as volume increases, pressure decreases
39
Boyle's law summarized... as volume increases....
pressure decreases or vice versa
40
why does Boyle's law occur? in large container (largest lung volume)...
gas molecules are more spread out (collide less=less pressure) if container is reduced (smallest lung volume) gas molecules are less spread out (collide more=more pressure)
41
quiet breathing (inspiration) diaphragm> moves or contracts how to increase thoracic volume?
moves inferiorly external intercostals>elevate rib cage (up and out)
42
quiet expiration (breathe out) this is a passive process....
muscles relax, lungs recoil.
43
muscles involved in forced breathing... forced inspiration
neck-pect-erect scalene-all neck muscles pectoralis minor-all elevate rib cage erector spinae - changes back curvature
44
forced expiration internal intercostals> abdominal muscles >
depresses rib cage (down and IN) pushes diaphragm superiorly to decrease thoracic volume
45
Inspiration (quiet) diaphragm and intercostal muscles....
contract rib cage moves up and out (parallel parking) it increases thoacic cavity and lung volume
46
inspiration as volume increase...
pressure decrease Ppul drops below Patm (this is constant w/ventilation) Pip decreases also
47
inspiration. gases move down pressure gradient meaning..
high outside to low inside (air enters lungs) called inhalation it ends when Ppul returns to (equal to) Patm
48
1.(TV)TIDAL VOLUME> is
air inhaled or exhaled at rest (quiet)
49
2. inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)> 3. expiratory reserve volume (ERV)>
air inhaled above air exhaled below =forced breathing
50
4. residual volume (RV)> 5. vital capacity (VC)>
air left in lungs after complete exhale -TV + IRV + ERV(total amount you inhale and exhale)
51
surfactant is...
detergent-like substance secreted from alveolar type 2 cells
52
lung collapse is prevented with...
1. surfactant>reduces cohesiveness of water in alveoli of water in alveoli 2. negative intrapleural pressure>works against natural tendency of lungs to recoil 3. residual volume>keeps alveoli open
53
lung compliance is...
stretch or expansion of lungs
54
lung compliance measure the changes in lung volulme over the changes in...
lung pressure
55
factors affecting lung compliance...
1. elasitcity (distensibility)> C Is reduced by scar tissue from infections 2. alveolar surface tension >C IS REDUCED by decreased surfactant
56
lung compliance. you want high elasticity and...
low tension!!! or surfactant increases like from exercise or being young
57
Dalton's law> says that...
total pressure is sum of partial pressure
58
respiration (aside from ventilation) involves
blood transportation gases
59
total pressure>is
pressure of all gases in air
60
partial pressures> is
inidividual (each) of each gas
61
differences in partial pressures of atmospheric gases and alveolar gases: atmospheric Po2(HIGHER) > alveoli lower Po2 so ...
O2 moves into alveoli
62
Henry's law>
gases dissolve in liquid (plasma) in proportion to partial pressures (still move from high to low)
63
with external and internal respiration, gases move by ...
diffusion (high to low pressure to reach equilibrium)
64
external respiration>
exchange between alveoli and blood why does this happen greater partial pressure in oxygen P o2 is in alveoli. So 02 diffuses into blood(lower pressure in blood) greater partial pressure in CO2 is in bloood so CO2 diffuses into alveoli of lungs and is then exhaled
65
internal respiration>
exchange between blood and tissues. Why does this happen? Greater partial pressure O2 is in blood, so 02 diffuses into tissues(cells). so CO2 diffuses into blood and is later exhaled
66
oxygen transport in blood: 98.5 % oxygen binds to 1.5% is
hemoglobin with RBCs dissolved in plasma
67
each hemoglobin (a protein) has how many peptide chains and binds and carries how many oxygen molecules?
It has 4 peptide chains it binds and carries 4 oxygen molecules( 1 oxygen per iron)
68
loaded HB =
Hb+ O2=HbO2 which is oxyhemoglobin meaning it is saturated if it's loaded
69
oxygen saturation saturation=
how much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin in blood
70
oxygen saturation: greater O2 pressure allows
greater saturation
71
Oxygenated (O2 rich) blood: within pulmonary veins and systemic arteries is
4 oxygen bound to Hb Hb is 98% saturated with O2
72
deoxygenated (O2-poor) blood within systemic veins and pulmonary arteries is
1-3 oxygen bound to Hb (partially saturated) Hb is only 40-75% saturated with O2
73
Inactive tissues need less oxygen(less cell respiration) so less...
less unloading due to high O2 partial pressure in tissues. Hb remains mostly saturated (75%)
74
Active tissues need more oxygen (more cell respiration) so more...
unloading due to low O2 partial pressure in tissues Hb is least saturated after visiting active tissues (40%)
75
oxygen unloading: hemoglobin is less willing to bind (LOAD) oxygen in lungs when...
increase in blood CO2 partial pressure -increase in blood temperature -increase in H+ or blood acidity *all three affect loading/unloading by changing Hb shape These factors increase Hb "unloading " of O2 in the capillaries (Bohr effect)
76
Co2 transport in blood: carbon dioxide combines with water forming ...
carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate.
77
bicarbonate ions can be generated in ...
plasma or RBC(faster in RBC due to enzyme carbonic anydrase)
78
chloride shift is...
negative chloride ions counterbalance negative bicarbonate ions entering or leaving RBC
79
medulla sets...
respiratory rhythm
80
ventral respiratory group (VRG) this is quiet breathing, not forced...it does three things...
1. sets rhythm eupnea (12-15 breaths /min) at rest 2. breathe in -inspiratory neurons>stimulate phrenic and intercostal nerves( take in O2)-stimulate diaphragm to contract -intercostal muscles 3. expiratory neurons -breathe out-inhibit inspiratory neurons, causing relaxation of muscles
81
Ventral respiratory groups inspiratory and expiratory groups alternate
control of respiratory muscles
82
DRG Dorsal Respiratory Group does what?
integrates input from stretch and chemo receptors -communicates with VRG to modify rhythm
83
PRG Pontine Respiratory Group Pons modifies medullary neurons how?
it smooths VRG transition between inspiration and expiration
84
depth: determined by how much respiratory groups stimulate nerves Greater stimulation=
greater force of muscle contraction > greater depth of breathing
85
respiratory rate: determined by how long inspiratory groups are active... which means..
longer they're active >slower breathing (longer rate) rate and depth change based on sensory input from receptors
86
central chemoreceptors are where?
within brainstem
87
peripheral chemoreceptors are where?
in aorta and carotid arteriesa
88
all chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in
CO2, O2, H+
89
Influence of carbon dioxide partial pressure 3 things...
1. most controlled respiratory chemical 2. high levels of CO2 lead to increased H+ and decreased pH 3. leads to an increase in rate and depth of breathing (opposite for low levels of CO2)
90
influence of pH perioheral chemoreceptors detect what
decrease in pH pH does down so high in H+(acidity) leads to increased rate of breathing and depth
91
influence of oxygen partial pressure decrease in oxygen has what effect?
only has a slight affect on ventilation unless extreme decrease occurs
92
respiratory disorder: emphysema which is...
alveolar walls are damaged which makes air sacs which makes less surface are for gas exchange
93
respiratory disorder: COPD which is..
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
94
respiratory disorders chronic bronchitis which is ...
excess mucus production causes chronic cough? which blocks gas exchange
95
homeostatic imbalances: pneumonia which is
alveoli filled with fluid due to viral or bacterial infection which disrupts gas exchange
96
homeostatic imbalances: asthma which is...
constriction of bronchioles (sometimes due to allergen) affects ventilation

A&P II (6 decks)

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