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Chemical Reactivity > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

Nomenclature

1
Q

General formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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2
Q

What are alkanes?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons containing only single bonds

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3
Q

General formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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4
Q

What is an alkene?

A

A hydrocarbon with a c to c double bond. It’s unsaturated so fairly reactive

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5
Q

General formula of cycloalkanes?

A

CnH2n

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6
Q

What is a cycloalkane?

A

A ring of saturated carbons.

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7
Q

General formula of halogenalkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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8
Q

What is a halogenalkane?

A

The same as an alkane but at least one hydrogen replaced with a halogen

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9
Q

General formula of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1 OH

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10
Q

What is an alcohol?

A

Organic molecules that contain a hydroxyl group, OH. Have the suffix ol.

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11
Q

General formula of aldehydes?

A

R-CHO

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12
Q

What’s an aldehyde?

A

One of the end carbons has a double bond to oxygen.

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13
Q

General formula of ketones?

A

R-CO-R

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14
Q

What is a ketone?

A

Organic molecule with the c to o double bond on a carbon that isn’t at the end

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15
Q

General formula of carboxylic acids?

A

R-COOH

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16
Q

What is a carboxylic acid?

A

Organic molecules which contains the carboxyl group. This is a double bond to oxygen and an OH

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17
Q

Prefix numbers to 10

A 
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane
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18
Q

How to name an alkane?

A

Count the longest carbon chain =prefix
add suffix = ane
Then name the substituents they’re named according to how many carbons they contain and which carbon they are attached to. If there’s more than one put them in alphabetical order

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19
Q

How to name cycloalkanes?

A

The same as alkanes you use ‘cyclo PREFIXane’ if there are substituents you out the one that comes first alphabetically as the number 1 carbon. Then go round whichever way makes the next the lowest number

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20
Q

How do you name organic molecules with multiple functional groups?

A

You have to rank the functional groups priority and then make highest priority have lowest numbers.
Stem is the longest c chain containing the functional group

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21
Q

Priority ranking of functional groups?

A

Halogens, alkyl groups, alkenes , other functional groups

22
Q

What is a catenate?

A

Long chain

23
Q

What bonds typically hold organic molecules together?

A

Covalent (sigma)

24
Q

Because organic compounds are covalent (sigma) they typically have…

A

High melting/ b points

25
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

One with a double bond

26
Q

Will molecules with the same functional groups have similar physical or chemical properties or both?

A

similar chemical properties

27
Q

what are the orbitals in benzene

A

sp2 hybridised

28
Q

Why is benzene stable?

A

The conjugated bonds cause electron delocalisation

29
Q

What is angle strain?

A

The deviation of bond angle from 109.5. Greater deviation means greater angle strain and weaker bond

30
Q

If an alkene is reacted with hydrogen gas in the presence of a nickel catalyst what functionality will be generated?

A

An alkane

31
Q

If an alkene is reacted with an alkaline solution of potassium manganate what functionality will be generated

A

A diol

32
Q

If an alkene in solution is reacted with ozone what functionality ill be generated?

A

Two carbonyl derivatives. as it will break the double bond

33
Q

If an alkene is reacted with a solution of sulfuric acid what functionality will be generated?

A

An Alcohol

34
Q

What are the two forms of cyclohexane and which is more stable, why

A

Chair confirmation and boat confirmation. Chair is the most stable as it has the least bond strain

35
Q

Suffix for an alkane? (R-C)

A

Ane

36
Q

Suffix for an alkene? (c=c)

A

Ene

37
Q

Suffix for an alcohol? (O-H)

A

Ol

38
Q

Suffix for an aldehyde? (h-c=o)

A

Al

39
Q

Suffix for a ketone? ( c=o)

A

one

40
Q

Suffix for carboxylic acid? (cooh)

A

oic acid

41
Q

How do you name an alkyl side chain? (substituent)

A

suffix- yl
eg methyl = ch3
ethyl = c2h5

42
Q

Naming organic compounds?

A

1) longest carbon chain
2) identify substituents
3) Number all C’s so that substits have lowest numbers
4) If same substituent occurs give locations and number of times (di, tri, tetra)
5) If more than 1 substituent in alphabetical order

43
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but are arranged differently in space

44
Q

What is an optical isomer?

A

One which involves a chiral carbon (bonded to 4 different atoms) optical isomers are mirror images of each other. They can rotate the plane of polarised light

45
Q

What is an enantiomer?

A

A pair of optical isomers. They have the same physical properties

46
Q

What is a racemic mixture

A

50% and 50% mixture of enantiomers. It is optically inactive as their affects cancel each other out

47
Q

What are curly arrows used for?

A

to show movement of pairs of electrons from nucleophile to electrophile. (rich to poor). it shows bonds being broken and formed

48
Q

What does hydrogenation of alkenes need?

A

a metal catalyst such as nickel

49
Q

What is a cis addition

A

When two hydrogens are added on the same side of the double bond

50
Q

What is a trans addition?

A

When two hydrogens are added either side of the bond

Chemical Reactivity (11 decks)

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