Unit 1 Flashcards
Nomenclature
General formula of alkanes?
CnH2n+2
What are alkanes?
Saturated hydrocarbons containing only single bonds
General formula of alkenes?
CnH2n
What is an alkene?
A hydrocarbon with a c to c double bond. It’s unsaturated so fairly reactive
General formula of cycloalkanes?
CnH2n
What is a cycloalkane?
A ring of saturated carbons.
General formula of halogenalkanes?
CnH2n+2
What is a halogenalkane?
The same as an alkane but at least one hydrogen replaced with a halogen
General formula of alcohols?
CnH2n+1 OH
What is an alcohol?
Organic molecules that contain a hydroxyl group, OH. Have the suffix ol.
General formula of aldehydes?
R-CHO
What’s an aldehyde?
One of the end carbons has a double bond to oxygen.
General formula of ketones?
R-CO-R
What is a ketone?
Organic molecule with the c to o double bond on a carbon that isn’t at the end
General formula of carboxylic acids?
R-COOH
What is a carboxylic acid?
Organic molecules which contains the carboxyl group. This is a double bond to oxygen and an OH
Prefix numbers to 10
Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane
How to name an alkane?
Count the longest carbon chain =prefix
add suffix = ane
Then name the substituents they’re named according to how many carbons they contain and which carbon they are attached to. If there’s more than one put them in alphabetical order
How to name cycloalkanes?
The same as alkanes you use ‘cyclo PREFIXane’ if there are substituents you out the one that comes first alphabetically as the number 1 carbon. Then go round whichever way makes the next the lowest number
How do you name organic molecules with multiple functional groups?
You have to rank the functional groups priority and then make highest priority have lowest numbers.
Stem is the longest c chain containing the functional group
Priority ranking of functional groups?
Halogens, alkyl groups, alkenes , other functional groups
What is a catenate?
Long chain
What bonds typically hold organic molecules together?
Covalent (sigma)
Because organic compounds are covalent (sigma) they typically have…
High melting/ b points
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
One with a double bond
Will molecules with the same functional groups have similar physical or chemical properties or both?
similar chemical properties
what are the orbitals in benzene
sp2 hybridised
Why is benzene stable?
The conjugated bonds cause electron delocalisation
What is angle strain?
The deviation of bond angle from 109.5. Greater deviation means greater angle strain and weaker bond
If an alkene is reacted with hydrogen gas in the presence of a nickel catalyst what functionality will be generated?
An alkane
If an alkene is reacted with an alkaline solution of potassium manganate what functionality will be generated
A diol
If an alkene in solution is reacted with ozone what functionality ill be generated?
Two carbonyl derivatives. as it will break the double bond
If an alkene is reacted with a solution of sulfuric acid what functionality will be generated?
An Alcohol
What are the two forms of cyclohexane and which is more stable, why
Chair confirmation and boat confirmation. Chair is the most stable as it has the least bond strain
Suffix for an alkane? (R-C)
Ane
Suffix for an alkene? (c=c)
Ene
Suffix for an alcohol? (O-H)
Ol
Suffix for an aldehyde? (h-c=o)
Al
Suffix for a ketone? ( c=o)
one
Suffix for carboxylic acid? (cooh)
oic acid
How do you name an alkyl side chain? (substituent)
suffix- yl
eg methyl = ch3
ethyl = c2h5
Naming organic compounds?
1) longest carbon chain
2) identify substituents
3) Number all C’s so that substits have lowest numbers
4) If same substituent occurs give locations and number of times (di, tri, tetra)
5) If more than 1 substituent in alphabetical order
What is an isomer?
Molecules that have the same molecular formula but are arranged differently in space
What is an optical isomer?
One which involves a chiral carbon (bonded to 4 different atoms) optical isomers are mirror images of each other. They can rotate the plane of polarised light
What is an enantiomer?
A pair of optical isomers. They have the same physical properties
What is a racemic mixture
50% and 50% mixture of enantiomers. It is optically inactive as their affects cancel each other out
What are curly arrows used for?
to show movement of pairs of electrons from nucleophile to electrophile. (rich to poor). it shows bonds being broken and formed
What does hydrogenation of alkenes need?
a metal catalyst such as nickel
What is a cis addition
When two hydrogens are added on the same side of the double bond
What is a trans addition?
When two hydrogens are added either side of the bond
