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Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a research aim ?

A

The concept that the researcher wants to investigate.

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2
Q

What is a research question ?

A

an actual question for example “are females more likely to use auditory communication than males when using a mobile phone?

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3
Q

What is the self selecting sampling method ?

A

When people volunteer to take part in the study, often through adverts or posters.

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4
Q

What is opportunity sampling method ?

A

A sample of the most readily available participants

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5
Q

What is the Random sampling method ?

A

Where each member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected.

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6
Q

What is the snowball sampling method ?

A

When participants are asked to contact family and friends to also take part in the study.

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7
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the self selecting sampling method?

A 
Strengths - 
.Ethical as they volunteered
.Easy as participants turn up 
Weaknesses - 
.Biased based on who volunteers
.Possible Tim end cost of the advertising process.
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8
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Random sampling method?

A

Strengths -
.Representative of the target population
Weaknesses -
.Can still be biased from who choses to take part out of those selected.
.Can be difficult

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9
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Opportunity sampling method?

A

Strengths -
.Quick to gather participants
.Very easy as no advertising or selection process required
Weaknesses -
.Biased based on where you go and who is available
.Less ethical as participants may feel more obliged to take part

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10
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the Snowball sampling method?

A

Strengths -
.Easy as only requires finding a few participants before they recruit the rest
.relatively cheep as no advertising
Weaknesses -
.Biased as all participants likely to know each other and therefore have many similarities
.May not get enough participants

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11
Q

What are unstructured observations ?

A

Non focused, general observation of a range of behaviours going on.

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12
Q

What are structured observations ?

A

Specific behaviour categories, defined through the development of a coding frame.

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13
Q

What is a naturalistic observation ?

A

observation in a natural environment

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14
Q

What is a Controlled observation ?

A

observation on a controlled laboratory setting

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15
Q

What is participant observation ?

A

Researchers are involved with those that are being observed.

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16
Q

What is non participant observation ?

A

Researchers stand apart and look from the outside at what there observing.

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17
Q

What is a covert observation ?

A

An observation where the participant does not know they are being observed.

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18
Q

What is an overt observation ?

A

An observation where the participant does know they are being observed.

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19
Q

What is event sampling?

A

The observer keeps count of each time a pre determined behaviour occurs.

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20
Q

What is time sampling?

A

The period of observation is broken up into a series of time intervals, and records of behaviour are related to such time intervals.

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21
Q

What is researcher / observer bias?

A

This occurs when a researcher is expecting to see a particular behaviour, and subconsciously may be biased ad record the data inaccurately.

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22
Q

What is researcher / observer effect?

A

If the people being observed are aware of the observation they may change their behaviour.

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23
Q

Whta is a laboratory experiment?

A

Iv is manipulated by the researcher and experiment is carried out in controlled conditions in a laboratory.

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24
Q

Whta is a Field experiment?

A

Iv is manipulated by the researcher but this time the experiment is carried out using participants in their normal surroundings.

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25
Q

What is a Quasi experiment?

A

Iv is naturally occurring not manipulated by the researcher.

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26
Q

What is repeated measures design ?

A

Using the same people in both conditions

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27
Q

What is independent measures design ?

A

Using different people in each condition

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28
Q

What is Matched groups design ?

A

Using different people in each conjoint but matching participant based on certain characteristics to reduce individual differences being a factor.

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29
Q

What are participants extraneous variables?

A

Characteristics of the individual participant that may effect the result

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30
Q

What are situational extraneous variables?

A

Any features of the research situation which could influence the result

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31
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Where participants may act in a way they consider expected of them, skewing the data of the study.

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32
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis ?

A

A hypothesis that predicts the IV will effect the DV

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33
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that predicts there will be no effect and that any effect will be due to chance.

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34
Q

What is a two tailed hypothesis ?

A

It predicts the the Iv will gave a significant effect on the Dv, but it does not predict the direction that it will go in.

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35
Q

What is a one tailed hypothesis ?

A

It predict’s not only that the Iv will have a significant effect on the DV, but also the direction this effect will go in.

36
Q

What is quantitative data ?

A

Numbers, measurements and percentages.

37
Q

What is qualitative data ?

A

Descriptive words meanings and pictures.

38
Q

What are rating scales?

A

Will measure usually from 1 - 10 the extent of someones attitude towards something, eg really bad too really good

39
Q

What are likert scales?

A

Uses statements and sees whether they; Strongly agree/. agree/ undecided/ disagree/ strongly disagree

40
Q

What is a semantic differential?

A

Two polar opposite adjective e.g big and small with number in-between to see how far you agree

41
Q

What is a structured interview ?

A

The interviewer asks the same closed questions

42
Q

What is a unstructured interview ?

A

The researcher has topics to discuss, but it is more like a conversation.

43
Q

What is a semi structured interview ?

A

The interviewer will have a set of questions to ask but the timing and phrasing can change, with more open ended questions.

44
Q

What is a leading question?

A

Questions that lead a participant to be more likely to give a certain answer.

45
Q

What are socially desirable answers?

A

Participant will give answers they think make them look good

46
Q

What are forced choice questions?

A

Where participants must choose one item from the limited range available.

47
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Participant may give answers they think the researcher wants here.

48
Q

What is a standard response set?

A

Giving the same answer to all questions

49
Q

What is nominal data?

A

Headcount - number of participants who do one thing over an other eg. headcount of number of males vs females eat fruit

50
Q

What is ordinal data?

A

Rank order - position of an item within a group, however not measured so can’t see the difference between each eg. 1st second and third

51
Q

What is Interval / ratio level of data

A

Rank order + individual results, takes amount of the differences between each position based on the individual data eg. measure of concentration using 30 word word search, results = 1st 29 2nd 23 and 3rd 10

52
Q

What is a correlational hypothesis?

A

Same as null and alternate, uses words significant correlation over significant difference, and in a one tailed hypothesis suggests either a positive or negative correlation.

53
Q

What is the test for nominal, independent measures experiment ?

A

Chi Square

54
Q

What is the test for nominal, repeated measures experiment ?

A

Binomial sign test

55
Q

What is the test Ordinal, independent measures experiment ?

A

Mann - Whitney U-test

56
Q

What is the test for Ordinal, repeated measures experiment ?

A

Wilcoxon signed ranks

57
Q

What is the test for Ordinal, correlation study ?

A

Spearmen’s Rho

58
Q

What is the test for Interval/ratio, independent measures experiment ?

A

Unrelated t-test

59
Q

What is the test for Interval/ratio, repeated measures experiment ?

A

Related t-test

60
Q

What is the test for Interval/ratio, correlation study ?

A

Pearsons product moment

61
Q

How do u perform a Binomial sign test?

A

.In the third column add a + or - to show the direction of the difference, if unchanged then don’t use that participant and don’t count them when working out n.
.calculate the number of times your least frequent sign (+ or - ) as-rears and call this your calculate value of x.
.Use the critical value table to see if there is a significant difference.

62
Q

How do you do report writing?

A 
.Abstract (summary shown to public) 
.Introduction (all research before hand) 
.Method (may reference to appendixes) 
.Results 
.Discussion (conclusion) 
.References 
.Appendices
63
Q

How do you reference in report writing?

A

Last name, First Initial. (Year published). Title. City: Publisher, Page(s).

64
Q

What is a coding frame?

A

Categories that allow you to standardise an observation.

65
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

False positive, alternative is accepted null is rejected.

66
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

False negative, null is accepted alternative is rejected.

67
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of peer review?

A

Strengths -
.Increases credibility
Weaknesses -
.Researcher who reviews it may not publish

68
Q

What is a normal or skewed graph?

A

Normal = middle hump
Positive skewed = left
Negative skewed = right

69
Q

What is deductive and inductive reasoning?

A 
Deductive = Hypothesis - examination - conclusion 
inductive = Makes conclusions from data
70
Q

What is a like hurt scale?

A

Strongly agree - Strongly disagree

71
Q

Semantic differential?

A

2 words = big / small

72
Q

What were the 4 practical - experiments ?

A

.Memory for words and pictures
.Ball and Bucket
.Birth order and Language ability
.Replication of Grant

73
Q

What were the 2 practical - Self reports ?

A

.Shopping questionare

.Gender and Sport

74
Q

What were the 2 practical - Correlations ?

A

.How Urban your town is and wildlife knowledge

.Tiredness and reaction time

75
Q

What were the 2 practical - Observations ?

A

.Mobile phone use by males and females

,Parking of staff and students

76
Q

What are the four areas of ethical considerations?

A

.Respect
.Competence
.Responsibility
.integrity

77
Q

What comes under the ethical consideration of respect?

A

.Informed consent
.right to withdraw
.Confidentiality

78
Q

What comes under the ethical consideration of competence

A

.To work within there area of expertise

79
Q

What comes under the ethical consideration of responsibility?

A

.Protection of participant

.debrief

80
Q

What comes under the ethical consideration of Integrity?

A

Deception

81
Q

What are the measures of central tendencies?

A

Mean Mode Median

82
Q

What are the two types of external validity?

A

.Population validity (Generalisable)

.Ecological validity

83
Q

What are the four types of internal validity?

A

.Face (does it measure what it claims to)
.Content (test of items used)
.Concurrent (Comparison between two tests on a particular behaviour)
.Predictive (How well a test predicts future behaviour)

84
Q

What is the one type of external reliability?

A

.Test retest (same study multiple times)

85
Q

What are the two type’s of internal reliability?

A

.Split half (does one half have the same results as the other)
.Inter rater (two judges analyse same data)

Psychology (11 decks)

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