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Physical Anthropology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The study of Man

A

Anthropology

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2
Q

4 Types of subfields

A

Linguistic, Biological, Cultural, and Archaeological

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3
Q

Is learned behavior and ideas,including social systems, economic systems, marriage

A

Cultural Anthropology

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4
Q

The study of cultural behaviors in the historic and prehistoric past through analysis of the culture’s remains

A

Archaeological Anthropology

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5
Q

The study of the evolution of language and its relation to culture.

A

Linguistic Anthropology

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6
Q

Biological evolution of humans and human ancestors, and the relationship of humans to other organisms. Patterns of biological variation within and between human populations and individuals.

A

Biological Anthropology

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7
Q

Subdivisions of Bioanthropology

A

Paleoanthropology & Primatology

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8
Q

Study of ancient man

A

Paleoanthropology

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9
Q

Study of Primates

A

Primatology

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10
Q

Human Biological variation

A

Morphological and Molecular

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11
Q

Comparing human/primate populations to determine common and unique behaviors or biological traits

A

Comparative approach

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12
Q

The change in living organisms over generations: Can be either biological change or cultural change, although bioanthropologists are mostly concerned with biological change and its interaction with culture

A

Evolution

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13
Q

Evolution occurs through the process of __________ or the retention of advantageous changes and the loss of disadvantageous changes

A

Adaptation

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14
Q

Focuses on Material or behavioral

A

Culture

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15
Q

Focuses on physiological, morphological genetic, (behavioral?)

A

Biological

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16
Q

Facts, hypothesis, and theory

A

Science

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17
Q

Verifiable truths

A

Facts

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18
Q

Explanations of observed facts

A

Hypothesis

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19
Q

Set of Hypothesis that have been tested repeatedly and have not been rejected

A

Theories

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20
Q

Emphasis on stasis

  • Scalae Naturae( Natural Scale)
  • Plato’s world of ideas(edits): wherein the world of shadows or ideas are imperfect representations of the ideal world
A

Greco Roman Period (1st Period)

21
Q

Different “types” of a single thing that existed the imperfections were explained as random variations but they were believed to have had the “essence” of ideal
-Created a hierarchy of existence
Gods»>Angels»>Man»> Animals»>Metals
-Resulted in in the “Great Chain of Being” wherein there was recognition that everything was linked to everything else
-The hierarchy /great chain of being was considered immutable because as it was God’s will and God was deemed perfect , thus the world was a reflection of God’s will, albeit an imperfect reflection.

A

Medieval Thought

22
Q

The concept that everything that can exist does exist and everything that doesn’t can’t

A

Plemtudes

23
Q

The return to a more naturalistic approach to human variation, but it redeveloped slowly.
Also espoused recognition of cultural and linguistic differences through time and space.

A

The Renaissance (2nd Period)

24
Q
  • Growing Knowledge of human diversity
  • Increasing interest in natural history of animals and plants
  • Continuation of the “Great Chain of Being”
A

18-19th Century

25
Q

“Father of Primatology”: did the first dissection of an ape (chimpanzee) and listed 48 physiological similarities with humans

A

Edward Tyson

26
Q
  • 1st Taxonomy into meaningful groups
  • Published Systema Maturae
  • Nested hierarchy rather than a chain
  • coined term “mammals”
  • 1st to classify humans with other animals and specifically primates
A

Carolus Linnaeus

27
Q

Suggested that the world was not always as it is today, but that the processes that occur now have been occurring throughout time:UNIFORMITARIANISM

A

The “Constant” of Change:Lyell (Geologist)

28
Q

Used presence of extinct fossil remains in quarries to argue for catastrophism: the belief that the life that existed earlier in earths history was made extinct by natural catastrophes much like the flood of Noah

A

Georges Cuvier

29
Q

the belief that the life that existed earlier in earths history was made extinct by natural catastrophes much like the flood of Noah

A

catastrophism

30
Q
  • Thought evolution occurred through an organisms adaptation to its environment during its lifetime, which is then passed on to its offspring.
  • Developed the Theory of Acquired Characteristics were passed on
A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

31
Q

Theory of Natural Selection: also described as “survival of the fittest”(originally coined by Herbert Spencer, a political philosopher)

A

Charles Darwin

32
Q

Choosing mates in the wild

A

Sexual Selection

33
Q

The intervention of humans to determine which animals will breed, that they serve human needs

A

Artificial Selection

34
Q

Argued that the human population increases in size at a geometric rate while necessary resources increase at only an arithmetic rate, resulting in over population, death, and disease

A

Principal of Population

35
Q

When did Charles Darwin work on the theory of natural selection?

A

Late 1820’s

36
Q

Sent Darwin a paper briefly describing his own theory of evolution by natural selection. He independently developed his own, very similar theory of natural selection.

A

1858 Alfred Russell Wallace

37
Q
  • Although populations have the potential to expand infinitely, the environment can only support a finite population.
  • Individuals vary in ways that cause differences in their ability to survive and reproduce
  • This variation is heritable ( can be passed from generation to generation)
A

Darwin’s Postulates (claim/prerequisite)

38
Q

Fossil records passed from generation to geneteration

A

Evidence for evolution

39
Q
  • Specific to the environment in which they occurred
  • May be specific to an environment of the past that no longer exists, or may be utilized how for something it didn’t evolve ‘for’
A

Adaptation Careats

40
Q

How many chromosomes does a human being have?

A

23 pairs 46 chromosomes

41
Q

How many chromosomes does a Chimp have?

A

24 pairs 48 chromosomes

42
Q
  • Occurs only in the sex cells (sex cells:sperm and eggs) and produced gametes
  • In this process, the cells divide twice, producing for daughter cells, each of which has one half as many chromosomes as the original cell.
A

Meiosis

43
Q

Sometimes you have the same allele at each copy of your gene

A

Homozygous (homo=same, TT, tt)

44
Q

Sometimes you have different alleles at each copy of your gene

A

Heterozygous (different; Tt)

45
Q

The combination of alleles you have a at particular gene

A

Genotype

46
Q

Some alleles are dominant, and some are recessive ( and some are __________, it turns out

A

Codominant

47
Q

These two alleles interact to produce an observable and measurable results of an organism (like yellow or green pods)

A

Phenotype (pheno=’to show’ from the Greek)

48
Q

Only inherited through your mother

A

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

49
Q

Traits affected by more than one gene (are polygenic).
-Most traits are affected by multiple genes
For example
-Eyes
-Skin Color
-Height

A

Complex Traits

Physical Anthropology (4 decks)

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