Unit 1 Flashcards by Brian Olivares

The study of Man

Anthropology

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4 Types of subfields

Linguistic, Biological, Cultural, and Archaeological

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Is learned behavior and ideas,including social systems, economic systems, marriage

Cultural Anthropology

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The study of cultural behaviors in the historic and prehistoric past through analysis of the culture’s remains

Archaeological Anthropology

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The study of the evolution of language and its relation to culture.

Linguistic Anthropology

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Biological evolution of humans and human ancestors, and the relationship of humans to other organisms. Patterns of biological variation within and between human populations and individuals.

Biological Anthropology

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Subdivisions of Bioanthropology

Paleoanthropology & Primatology

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Study of ancient man

Paleoanthropology

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Study of Primates

Primatology

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Human Biological variation

Morphological and Molecular

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Comparing human/primate populations to determine common and unique behaviors or biological traits

Comparative approach

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The change in living organisms over generations: Can be either biological change or cultural change, although bioanthropologists are mostly concerned with biological change and its interaction with culture

Evolution

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Evolution occurs through the process of __________ or the retention of advantageous changes and the loss of disadvantageous changes

Adaptation

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Focuses on Material or behavioral

Culture

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Focuses on physiological, morphological genetic, (behavioral?)

Biological

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Facts, hypothesis, and theory

Science

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Verifiable truths

Facts

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Explanations of observed facts

Hypothesis

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Set of Hypothesis that have been tested repeatedly and have not been rejected

Theories

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Emphasis on stasis

Scalae Naturae( Natural Scale)
Plato’s world of ideas(edits): wherein the world of shadows or ideas are imperfect representations of the ideal world

Greco Roman Period (1st Period)

Different “types” of a single thing that existed the imperfections were explained as random variations but they were believed to have had the “essence” of ideal
-Created a hierarchy of existence
Gods»>Angels»>Man»> Animals»>Metals
-Resulted in in the “Great Chain of Being” wherein there was recognition that everything was linked to everything else
-The hierarchy /great chain of being was considered immutable because as it was God’s will and God was deemed perfect , thus the world was a reflection of God’s will, albeit an imperfect reflection.

Medieval Thought

The concept that everything that can exist does exist and everything that doesn’t can’t

Plemtudes

The return to a more naturalistic approach to human variation, but it redeveloped slowly.
Also espoused recognition of cultural and linguistic differences through time and space.

The Renaissance (2nd Period)

Growing Knowledge of human diversity
Increasing interest in natural history of animals and plants
Continuation of the “Great Chain of Being”

18-19th Century

"Father of Primatology": did the first dissection of an ape (chimpanzee) and listed 48 physiological similarities with humans

Edward Tyson

- 1st Taxonomy into meaningful groups - Published Systema Maturae - Nested hierarchy rather than a chain - coined term "mammals" - 1st to classify humans with other animals and specifically primates

Carolus Linnaeus

Suggested that the world was not always as it is today, but that the processes that occur now have been occurring throughout time:UNIFORMITARIANISM

The "Constant" of Change:Lyell (Geologist)

Used presence of extinct fossil remains in quarries to argue for catastrophism: the belief that the life that existed earlier in earths history was made extinct by natural catastrophes much like the flood of Noah

Georges Cuvier

the belief that the life that existed earlier in earths history was made extinct by natural catastrophes much like the flood of Noah

catastrophism

- Thought evolution occurred through an organisms adaptation to its environment during its lifetime, which is then passed on to its offspring. - Developed the Theory of Acquired Characteristics were passed on

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Theory of Natural Selection: also described as "survival of the fittest"(originally coined by Herbert Spencer, a political philosopher)

Charles Darwin

Choosing mates in the wild

Sexual Selection

The intervention of humans to determine which animals will breed, that they serve human needs

Artificial Selection

Argued that the human population increases in size at a geometric rate while necessary resources increase at only an arithmetic rate, resulting in over population, death, and disease

Principal of Population

When did Charles Darwin work on the theory of natural selection?

Late 1820's

Sent Darwin a paper briefly describing his own theory of evolution by natural selection. He independently developed his own, very similar theory of natural selection.

1858 Alfred Russell Wallace

- Although populations have the potential to expand infinitely, the environment can only support a finite population. - Individuals vary in ways that cause differences in their ability to survive and reproduce - This variation is heritable ( can be passed from generation to generation)

Darwin's Postulates (claim/prerequisite)

Fossil records passed from generation to geneteration

Evidence for evolution

- Specific to the environment in which they occurred - May be specific to an environment of the past that no longer exists, or may be utilized how for something it didn't evolve 'for'

Adaptation Careats

How many chromosomes does a human being have?

23 pairs 46 chromosomes

How many chromosomes does a Chimp have?

24 pairs 48 chromosomes

- Occurs only in the sex cells (sex cells:sperm and eggs) and produced gametes - In this process, the cells divide twice, producing for daughter cells, each of which has one half as many chromosomes as the original cell.

Meiosis

Sometimes you have the same allele at each copy of your gene

Homozygous (homo=same, TT, tt)

Sometimes you have different alleles at each copy of your gene

Heterozygous (different; Tt)

The combination of alleles you have a at particular gene

Genotype

Some alleles are dominant, and some are recessive ( and some are __________, it turns out

Codominant

These two alleles interact to produce an observable and measurable results of an organism (like yellow or green pods)

Phenotype (pheno='to show' from the Greek)

Only inherited through your mother

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

Traits affected by more than one gene (are polygenic). -Most traits are affected by multiple genes For example -Eyes -Skin Color -Height

Complex Traits