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Physical Anthropology > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Over 6 mya first hominids appeared
  • About 2.5 mya human line split
  • One line developed big molar/premolar teeth for chewing and became extinct about 1 mya
A

Hominid Evolution

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2
Q

The other line evolved larger brains, smaller teeth, and faces, and started using stone tools.

A

Robust Australopithecines

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3
Q

A species from the second line evolved into the homo genus, and eventually into our species

A

Gracile Australopithecines

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4
Q

Anatomically modern humans (_____________) are about 160,000 years old

A

Homo sapiens sapiens

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5
Q

(all fossils in our species)________, (are old and modern looking) 500,000 years old

A

Homo Sapiens

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6
Q

All members of our genus Homo

A

2,000,000 years old

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7
Q

All Hominids regardless of genus

A

6,000,000 years old

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8
Q

Hominid line split from ape line

A

5-7 mya

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9
Q

Earliest evidence of hominid:

A

Sahelanthropus tchadensis at 6;7 mya

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10
Q

Evidence at 5.8-5.2 mya

A

Ardipithecus ramidus/kadabba

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11
Q

Possible evidence ar 6 mya

A

Orrorin tugenensis

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12
Q

who appeared 4.2 mya?

A

first australopithecus appear and is a hominid

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13
Q

2 lines of hominids evolved

A

3-2.5 mya

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14
Q
  • Larger back teeth.
  • Only robust in head.
  • Thicker and heavily built.
A

Robust australopithecines (paranthropus)

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15
Q
  • Smaller back teeth and jaws .

- Thinner and lighter built head

A

Gracile australopithecines

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16
Q

First evidence of genus homo

A

2.5 mya

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17
Q
  • Brain is ½ of modern humans.
  • Large face and teeth. -Short legs, used stone tools for scavenging animals flesh
  • It’s been argued that this species should be reclassified as australopithecus habilis
A

Homo habilis

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18
Q

The birthplace of modern hominids

A

Africa

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19
Q

Location of major hominid sites

A
  • Chad
  • Ethiopia
  • Kenya
  • Tanzania
  • South africa
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20
Q

7 early hominid species existed prior to 3 mya

A
  • Sahelanthropus tchadensis (6-7 mya)
  • Orrorin tugenensis (6 mya)
  • Ardipithecus ramidus (5.8-5.2 mya)
  • Ardipithecus kadabba (5.6-5.8 mya)
  • Australopithecus anamensis (4.2-3.8 mya)
  • Australopithecus afarensis (4-3 mya)
  • Kenyapithecus platyops (3.5-3.2 mya)
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21
Q
  • (only cranial remains so) there is a debate to whether it really was bipedal
  • Very small cranium (320-380 cc), same size as chimp
A

Sahelanthropus tchadensis (6-7 mya)

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22
Q
  • Found in 6 mya old sediment

- (probably spent time in trees but also walked)

A

Orrorin tugenensis (6 mya)

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23
Q

-Had FORAMEN MAGNUM (the large opening at the base of skill where the spinal cord enters) (may reflect bipedalism)

A

Ardipithecus ramidus (5.8-5.2 mya)

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24
Q

Historically it was believed that bipedalism evolved on the open savannah. However modernly we know that isn’t true. It is now understood that bipedalism evolved in thickly wooded forests.

A

The savannah hypothesis

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25
Q
  • Earliest confirmed well-known hominids
  • Confined to africa
  • Definitely bipedal
  • Multiple species, some living simultaneously
  • Relatively small brains (400-500cc)
A

Australopithecines

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26
Q
  • Again, ancestral (ape like) and derived (bipedalism) features are mixed, showing that all these features did not arise at the same time. MOSAIC EVOLUTION (we didn’t start walking after getting a big brain, but we just started using our bodies to walk)
  • A. anamensis may be a direct lien to later hominids
A

Australopithecus anamensis (4.2-3.8 mya)

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27
Q

Discovered “Lucy”

A

Donald Johnson

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28
Q
  • Lucy was one
  • Pelvic bones and femur clearly indicated bipedalism
  • bipedalism=hominid
  • Laetoli footprints
A

Australopithecus afarensis

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29
Q

These footprints from 3.75 mya shows characteristics associated with bipedalism

A

Laetoli footprints

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30
Q

A gap between the the teeth (between incisors and canines for primates (A Afarensis)

A

Diastema

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31
Q

The projection/protrusion of the lower face (A. Afarensis)

A

Prognastism

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32
Q
  • Means “flat faced man from kenya”

- Doesn’t have proganthism

A

Kenyanthropus platyops

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33
Q

-Robust has very thick looking teeth
-Robust comes after gracile (one of gracile evolved into robust
-The robust’s bigger teeth might be the main reason why they survived better than the gracile.
“Robust” ONLY refers to teeth
The three species of robust australopithecines

A

Robust australopithecines’ cheek teeth

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34
Q

First species from East africa

A

-Australopithecus aethiopicus

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35
Q

-Australopithecus (E. Africa)

A

-Australopithecus boisei

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36
Q

-Australopithecus (S. Africa)

A

-Australopithecus Robustus

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37
Q

-Australopithecus (S. Africa, Tawny Child, Gracile)

A

-Australopithecus africanus

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38
Q

-Australopithecus E. Africa, Lucy, Gracile)

A

-Australopithecus afarensis

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39
Q

Raymond Dart discovered the “Tawny Child”

A

-Australopithecus africanus

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40
Q
  • Initial estimates of age at death 5-7 years.
  • However growth incremenents in tooth enamel suggest that the age of death was 3-4 years.
  • Matured 20-50% faster than modern humans
A

Maturation of Australopithecus africanus

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41
Q

Study of how an archeologic site is formed

A

Taphanomy

42
Q

Contemporaneous with Australopithecus africanus (-2.5 mya) who lived in South Africa

A

Australopithecus Garhi

43
Q

Small= H. Habilis

Large=H. Rudolfensis

A

Homo/australopithecus habilis

44
Q

Models for the Origin of Bipedalism

A
  • Tool Use
  • Predator Avoidance
  • Locomotor Efficiency
  • Temperature regulation
  • Carrying
  • Harvesting
45
Q
  • At least 2.5 may old

- Considered Archeology, NOT paleontology because they are not bones

A

Stone Tools

46
Q

3 major stone tool technologies

A

Oldest to Youngest

  • Oldowan
  • Acheulean
  • Mousteria
47
Q

One person attempts to create a tool by stting down and hammering at it

A

Active hammer

48
Q

A man can just throw a core (rock) which shatters and becomes a tool.

A

Passive Hammer

49
Q
  • Stone tools leave “V shaped” marks on bone
  • Teeth leave “U shaped”marks on bone
  • People probably scavaged for meat bc an animal would be first killed by an animal and then the ppl would used stone tools to remove more meat
A

Marks on bone

50
Q

-Everything associated with the skull(even teeth)

A

Cranial material

51
Q

Made up of cranium+mandible (mandible)

A

Skull

52
Q

Ridge on back of skull when neck muscles are attached

A

Nuchal crest

53
Q

Attaches chewing muscles

A

Sagittal crest

54
Q

Cheekbone

A

Zygomatic arch

55
Q
  • Ligaments hold bones together
  • Tendons attach muscle to bone
  • Spine
A

Postcranial Material

56
Q

Neck

A

Cervical vertebrate

57
Q

Attached to ribs

A

Thoracic vertebrate

58
Q
  • 2 illia

- 1 Sacrum (tailbone)

A

Pelvis

59
Q
  • Humerus
  • Ulna
  • Radius
A

Arms

60
Q

Carpals

A

Wrist

61
Q
  • Metacarpals

- beyond the carpals

A

Hands

62
Q

Phalanges

A

Fingers or toes

63
Q
  • Femur (thigh)
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
A

Legs

64
Q

Tarsals

A

Ankle

65
Q

Metatarsals

A

Foot

66
Q

-Many Scientist dont believe that homo habilis is a homo, but rather an australopithecus
-1.8 mya homo erectus from asia (derived from ergaster, 1mya) (homo ergaster from africa, is oldersis) large brain, large face, less well rounded skull vs.modern humans
-They left africa for china. 2mya) appeared
-Brain size is ¾ of humans
Was first hominid to leave africa
Brain sized increased 500,000 ya
-First evidence of hominids, similar enough to call homo sapiens (but some call H. heidelbergenHomo erectus
-Some call Non asian ones are h. Ergaster
Originated in africa and was the first member of homo to leave africa

A

Origin of our genus: Homo

67
Q

Lived in Africa 2 mya

A

Homo egaster

68
Q

Lived in Asia 1 mya

A

Homo erectus

69
Q

‘erect walking’ human

A

Homo erectus

70
Q
  • Eugene dubois found the first h. Erectus.

- Piltdown (HOAX) assumption kept it out the family tree at first

A

Postcranial skeleton

71
Q

(strapping youth)was a 12 yr old boy that was really tall

A

Nariokotome boy

72
Q
  • Diversity of tools increases over time with evolution of h. erg aster/erectus rather than appearing immediately
  • First tools similar to oldowan tools, called evolved oldowan
  • 1.4 may, a new type of stone tool technology app read called acheulian tradition
  • Ergaster used the core while habilis used the flakes that he chipped off from the core
A

Stone tool tech

73
Q

First tools similar to oldowan tools

A

Evolution Oldowan

74
Q

1.4 may, a new type of stone tool technology appeared

A

Acheulian tradition

75
Q

-There are not enough resources to maintain animals so either die

A

Island biogeographic theory

76
Q

Refers to early homo sapiens which are not yet anatomically modern in form (anatomically modern homo sapiens;AMHS)

A

Archaic H. Sapiens

77
Q

3 types of Archaic H. Sapiens

A
  • H. heidelbergensis- all of the world (asia, africa)
  • H. antecessor (west europe)
  • H. neanderthalensis (east west europe, middle eas
78
Q

All of the world (asia, africa)

A

H. heidelbergensis

79
Q

West europe

A

H. antecessor

80
Q

East west europe, middle east

A

H. neanderthalensis

81
Q

We mapped ___ of H. neanderthalensis DNA

A

65%

82
Q

We share about ___ with H. neanderthalensis

A

2%

83
Q
  • Recent discovery, might be added to the list

- Some people have 2% in Russia & 5% in Indonesia

A

Denovisians

84
Q

Archaic Homo Sapiens fossils range from 800,00 to 35,000 ya

A

Distribution of Sites

85
Q

Reference to proper orientation of a skull

A

Frankfurt Horizontal (plane)

86
Q

Projection of the lower face

A

Prognatism

87
Q
  • African/European H. erectus-like

- 100,000-800,000 ya

A

H. sapiens heidelbergensis (AHS)

88
Q
  • Very large brain=(1465cc on average)
  • Occipital bun=the back of the skull protrudes in Neanderthals
  • Midfacial pragmatism=nose is big
  • Retromolar space=behind last molar
A

Neanderthals (archaic)

89
Q

the back of the skull protrudes in Neanderthals

A

Occipital bun

90
Q

nose is big

A

Midfacial pragmatism

91
Q

behind last molar

A

Retromolar space

92
Q
  • Stone tech advanced form the earlier acheulian technology of h. ergster/eretuc and earliest AHS
  • Tools known as Mousterian
A

Neandertal tools

93
Q

Buried the dead

A

Neandertals

94
Q

Concluded that they did have a language but couldn’t make vowel sounds

A

Lieberman reconstructed anatomy

95
Q

Shows no difference between AMHS and neandertals

A

Hyoid bone

96
Q

A ‘flute’ made from a bear’s femur has been found in a cave in slovenia

A

Neandertal music

97
Q
  • Skewed their sex ratio

- Caves

A

Lifeways

98
Q

160,000 ya anatomically modern humans appear.

  • By 28,000 ya all fossils are anatomically modern homo sapiens in form
  • AMHS existed before AHS disappeared
  • potential for up to 100kya of overlap
A

Anatomically modern H. sapiens

99
Q
  • Oldest sites fare from South and East Asia and date to between 90 and least 160 kya
  • Sites in the middle East date back 92 cya
  • AMHS existed before AHS disappeared
  • potential for up to 100kya of overlap
A

Distribution of sites

100
Q
  • Oldest human population

- probably gave rise to all humans

A

Kung

101
Q

Two main theories of recent human origins and a third

A

1) multi regional hypothesis, Regional continuity, Regional coalescence
2) Out of Africa, Mitochondrialeve, Replacement model (hypothesis), Garden of Eden
3) MOSTLY out of Africa Hypothesis, most believed. References to how humans populated the world

Physical Anthropology (4 decks)

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