Exam Flashcards by Brian Olivares

Occurs at the genetic level and is frequency of an allele in a population from (genotype) one generation to the next. (change happens first at the genetic level) genotype

Microevolution

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Occurs at the population level and is long term patterns of genetic change over thousands or millions of generations. Includes the process of species information

Macroevolution

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The observable and measurable aspect of the organism under study

Phenotype

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The combination of a cells

Genotype

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The study of the total pattern genetic variation of a biological population

Population Genetics

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The relative proportion of each allele within a population (specific letter)

Allele Frequency

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The number of individual with each genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population (group of letters)

Genotype Frequency

Example; 200 people, 98 AA, 84Aa, 18aa
Frequencies must=1.0

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Alteration to the chromosomes and introduces new alleles into a population

Mutation

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Genes with more than one allele are

Polymorphic Genes

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Genes with only one allele are

Monomorphic Genes

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Mutations can also reintroduce alleles back into a population after they are lost

Back Mutation

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The original, common, or “normal” version of a gene is

Wild Type allele

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The new version of the gene (or the abnormal (version)

Mutant allele

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Non-Disease allele

Wild Type

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The disease allele

Mutant type

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Movement of genes (alleles) from one population to another

Gene Flow

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Another tern used for this, but gene flow is a more accurate description

Migration

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An organism’s probability of survival and reproduction

- measured by the number of children we have

Fitness

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Selection for the Heterozygote: also called _____________: selection for the heterozygote and against the homozygotes

Balancing Selection

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Random change in the allele frequency form one generation to the next due to sampling error

Genetic Drift

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When a small number of individuals start a new population; all the descendants are derived

Founder effect

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Reduction in genetic variation

Population bottlenecks

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What goes on within populations (the changes in allele frequencies due to natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, geneflow)

Microevolution

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When these forces lead to the creation of new species over long periods of time

Macroevolution

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Reproductive Isolation: no gene flow - Premating mechanisms (behavioral, visual) - Post-mating mechanisms (no way to have offspring

Biological Species Concept

When geographic barriers isolate a small subset of a population/species, selection may favor significantly different phenotypes in the isolated region compared to the majority of the species, leading to the evolution of a new species

Allopatric Speciation

Only partial genetic isolation required between populations occupying a great range of environments

Parametric Speciation (partial isolation)

Even with no genetic isolation, if selection is strong enough species differentiation can occur

Sympatric Speciation

Traits in two species that have similar structures, and are inherited from a common ancestor, but may or may not show a similar function.

Homologous Traits

Traits with similar functions in two species but a different structure, not inherited from a common ancestor

Homoplastic Traits

- When the same trait has risen separately in two closely related species, and is not due to it arising one in a common ancestor. - Similar developmental modifications that evolve independently

Parallel Evolution

Independent Evolution of similar adaptations in rather distinct evolutionary lines

Convergent Evolution

Traits that have not changed from an ancestral state

Ancestral Traits

Traits that have changed from the ancestral state of the groups being classified

Derwed Traits

Defining Traits

-opposable toe/thumb and prehensile hands -Nails and finger pads -Reduced reliance on olfactory (smell) -increased reliance on sight, including development of stereoscopic, color vision -Large and Specialized brain Includes development of post-orbital bar/ closure

Wet nose

Strep serine (prosimians)

Dry nose

Haplorhinenose

Old World Monkeys

CattarhineNose= Monkeys, Apes, and Humans

New World Monkeys

PlatyrhineNose (Flat Nose)= Monkeys

K-Selection

Reduction in litter sieze

R-Selection

Litters or many off-spring

Teeth

Mammalian teeth have different types of teeth in their jaws (heterdonty), and have two sets during their life times - Deciduous (baby) teeth - Permamnent teeth

Incisors

Flat front teeth used for cutting, slicing and gnawing food

Canines

Located in front of the jaw behind the incisors, normally used by mammals for puncturing and defense

Premolars

Back teeth used for crushing and grinding food

Molars

Teeth furthest in the jaw used for and grinding

Formula

I,C,PM,M

Upper and lower together would be

2-1-2-3 _____ 2-1-2-3

There is always a possibility that one might have less teeth in the lower jaw (_______) than the upper jaw (______) or vice versa

Mandible, Maxila

Formula for Old World Monkeys + Apes + Humans

I-C-PM-M 2-1-2-3 ______ 2-1-2-3

Formula for New World Monkeys

2-1-3-3 _____ 2-1-3-3

Types of Old World Monkeys

- Cercopithecidae | - Colobinae

3 major categories of Hominids

- Lesser apes (hylobates):gibbons (6 species), and siamangs - Great apes:organism (Pongo), gorilla(gorilla), chimpanzee ( pan troglodytes), bombo (pan paniscus) - Humans (homo)=us

The first closest cousin

Chimp and Bonoba

Closest genetic cousin

Chimp and bonoba

- Found only in Borneo and Sumatra | - Fossil ________ are found more widely throughout Asia going back more than 12 mya

Orangutans

- The relationships of organisms to each other and their environment - Primate morphology and behavior is affected by the environment in which the primate lives - Environment includes both physical and social stresses

Primate Ecology

Fruit:high energy yield, but rare, sometimes clumped in distribution

Frugivory

Leaves: abundant, but different to digest, may be toxic

Folivory

Insects:high in proteins, but different to digest, may be toxic

Insectivory

Gums: rich in carbohydrates and minerals, but produced slowly

Gummivory

Vertebrates: high in proteins, rare, defend themselves

Carnivory

Eats a variety of things

Omnivory

The study of all the ways an organism interacts with its environment

Socioecology

Competition among males for access to females, favors large body size, large canine teeth, and other attributes that ____________

Enhance male competitive ability

Males may display their fitness by showing that they can maintain survivorship despite ___________

Handicap Hypothesis

Everything external to an organism

The Environment

A reference to the inanimate elements surrounding an organism

Physical Environment

A reference to the living elements surrounding an organism

Biological Environment

A reference tot he products of an organism endeavors

Cultural Environment

A reference to a very specific set of physical, biological, and cultural factors immediately surrounding an organism

Microenvironment

A general term that defines where an animal lives

Habitat

A reference to the specific "address" of an organism

Microhabitat

A reference tot he specific microhabitat in which an organism lives and can include the anatomical, physical, and behavioral methods by which an organism exploits the physical space and its relationship to other organisms

Organism's Ecological Niche

The study of plants consumed by primates and other animals for medicinal purposes

Zoopharmacology

Primates that use bipedalism occasionally are

Falcutative Bipedalist

Humans are described as

Habitual Bipedalist

Walking "on all fours" on the ground is

Quadrupedalism

Walking "on all fours" in the trees where the hands and feet are sued for grasping is typically referred to as

Quadrumanove

Swinging, by hand, from branch to branch with the arms held up above the hand is called

Brachiation

Referring to their dietary preferences, chimpanzee are

Rupe fruit specialists

Is putting the interest of others before your own

Altruism

Individuals can pass along their genes directly (reproduction) and indirectly, through kin (selections)

W.D. Hamilton & Kin Selection

INCLUDES not only your own reproductive success, but your positive effects on your relatives reproductive success

Inclusive Fitness own contribution + contribution of relatives Inclusive Fitness:------------------------------------------------------- average contribution of the population

The process by which a behavioral act is favored to its beneficials effect on one's relatives

Kin Selection