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Physical Anthropology > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Occurs at the genetic level and is frequency of an allele in a population from (genotype) one generation to the next. (change happens first at the genetic level) genotype

A

Microevolution

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2
Q

Occurs at the population level and is long term patterns of genetic change over thousands or millions of generations. Includes the process of species information

A

Macroevolution

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3
Q

The observable and measurable aspect of the organism under study

A

Phenotype

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4
Q

The combination of a cells

A

Genotype

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5
Q

The study of the total pattern genetic variation of a biological population

A

Population Genetics

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6
Q

The relative proportion of each allele within a population (specific letter)

A

Allele Frequency

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7
Q

The number of individual with each genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population (group of letters)

A

Genotype Frequency

  • Example; 200 people, 98 AA, 84Aa, 18aa
  • Frequencies must=1.0
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8
Q

Alteration to the chromosomes and introduces new alleles into a population

A

Mutation

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9
Q

Genes with more than one allele are

A

Polymorphic Genes

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10
Q

Genes with only one allele are

A

Monomorphic Genes

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11
Q

Mutations can also reintroduce alleles back into a population after they are lost

A

Back Mutation

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12
Q

The original, common, or “normal” version of a gene is

A

Wild Type allele

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13
Q

The new version of the gene (or the abnormal (version)

A

Mutant allele

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14
Q

Non-Disease allele

A

Wild Type

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15
Q

The disease allele

A

Mutant type

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16
Q

Movement of genes (alleles) from one population to another

A

Gene Flow

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17
Q

Another tern used for this, but gene flow is a more accurate description

A

Migration

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18
Q
  • An organism’s probability of survival and reproduction

- measured by the number of children we have

A

Fitness

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19
Q

Selection for the Heterozygote: also called _____________: selection for the heterozygote and against the homozygotes

A

Balancing Selection

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20
Q

Random change in the allele frequency form one generation to the next due to sampling error

A

Genetic Drift

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21
Q

When a small number of individuals start a new population; all the descendants are derived

A

Founder effect

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22
Q

Reduction in genetic variation

A

Population bottlenecks

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23
Q

What goes on within populations (the changes in allele frequencies due to natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, geneflow)

A

Microevolution

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24
Q

When these forces lead to the creation of new species over long periods of time

A

Macroevolution

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25
Q

Reproductive Isolation: no gene flow

  • Premating mechanisms (behavioral, visual)
  • Post-mating mechanisms (no way to have offspring
A

Biological Species Concept

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26
Q

When geographic barriers isolate a small subset of a population/species, selection may favor significantly different phenotypes in the isolated region compared to the majority of the species, leading to the evolution of a new species

A

Allopatric Speciation

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27
Q

Only partial genetic isolation required between populations occupying a great range of environments

A

Parametric Speciation (partial isolation)

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28
Q

Even with no genetic isolation, if selection is strong enough species differentiation can occur

A

Sympatric Speciation

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29
Q

Traits in two species that have similar structures, and are inherited from a common ancestor, but may or may not show a similar function.

A

Homologous Traits

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30
Q

Traits with similar functions in two species but a different structure, not inherited from a common ancestor

A

Homoplastic Traits

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31
Q
  • When the same trait has risen separately in two closely related species, and is not due to it arising one in a common ancestor.
  • Similar developmental modifications that evolve independently
A

Parallel Evolution

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32
Q

Independent Evolution of similar adaptations in rather distinct evolutionary lines

A

Convergent Evolution

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33
Q

Traits that have not changed from an ancestral state

A

Ancestral Traits

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34
Q

Traits that have changed from the ancestral state of the groups being classified

A

Derwed Traits

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35
Q

Defining Traits

A

-opposable toe/thumb and prehensile hands
-Nails and finger pads
-Reduced reliance on olfactory (smell)
-increased reliance on sight, including development of stereoscopic, color vision
-Large and Specialized brain
Includes development of post-orbital bar/ closure

36
Q

Wet nose

A

Strep serine (prosimians)

37
Q

Dry nose

A

Haplorhinenose

38
Q

Old World Monkeys

A

CattarhineNose= Monkeys, Apes, and Humans

39
Q

New World Monkeys

A

PlatyrhineNose (Flat Nose)= Monkeys

40
Q

K-Selection

A

Reduction in litter sieze

41
Q

R-Selection

A

Litters or many off-spring

42
Q

Teeth

A

Mammalian teeth have different types of teeth in their jaws (heterdonty), and have two sets during their life times

  • Deciduous (baby) teeth
  • Permamnent teeth
43
Q

Incisors

A

Flat front teeth used for cutting, slicing and gnawing food

44
Q

Canines

A

Located in front of the jaw behind the incisors, normally used by mammals for puncturing and defense

45
Q

Premolars

A

Back teeth used for crushing and grinding food

46
Q

Molars

A

Teeth furthest in the jaw used for and grinding

47
Q

Formula

A

I,C,PM,M

48
Q

Upper and lower together would be

A

2-1-2-3
_____

2-1-2-3

49
Q

There is always a possibility that one might have less teeth in the lower jaw (_______) than the upper jaw (______) or vice versa

A

Mandible, Maxila

50
Q

Formula for Old World Monkeys + Apes + Humans

A

I-C-PM-M
2-1-2-3
______
2-1-2-3

51
Q

Formula for New World Monkeys

A

2-1-3-3
_____
2-1-3-3

52
Q

Types of Old World Monkeys

A
  • Cercopithecidae

- Colobinae

53
Q

3 major categories of Hominids

A
  • Lesser apes (hylobates):gibbons (6 species), and siamangs
  • Great apes:organism (Pongo), gorilla(gorilla), chimpanzee ( pan troglodytes), bombo (pan paniscus)
  • Humans (homo)=us
54
Q

The first closest cousin

A

Chimp and Bonoba

55
Q

Closest genetic cousin

A

Chimp and bonoba

56
Q
  • Found only in Borneo and Sumatra

- Fossil ________ are found more widely throughout Asia going back more than 12 mya

A

Orangutans

57
Q
  • The relationships of organisms to each other and their environment
  • Primate morphology and behavior is affected by the environment in which the primate lives
  • Environment includes both physical and social stresses
A

Primate Ecology

58
Q

Fruit:high energy yield, but rare, sometimes clumped in distribution

A

Frugivory

59
Q

Leaves: abundant, but different to digest, may be toxic

A

Folivory

60
Q

Insects:high in proteins, but different to digest, may be toxic

A

Insectivory

61
Q

Gums: rich in carbohydrates and minerals, but produced slowly

A

Gummivory

62
Q

Vertebrates: high in proteins, rare, defend themselves

A

Carnivory

63
Q

Eats a variety of things

A

Omnivory

64
Q

The study of all the ways an organism interacts with its environment

A

Socioecology

65
Q

Competition among males for access to females, favors large body size, large canine teeth, and other attributes that ____________

A

Enhance male competitive ability

66
Q

Males may display their fitness by showing that they can maintain survivorship despite ___________

A

Handicap Hypothesis

67
Q

Everything external to an organism

A

The Environment

68
Q

A reference to the inanimate elements surrounding an organism

A

Physical Environment

69
Q

A reference to the living elements surrounding an organism

A

Biological Environment

70
Q

A reference tot he products of an organism endeavors

A

Cultural Environment

71
Q

A reference to a very specific set of physical, biological, and cultural factors immediately surrounding an organism

A

Microenvironment

72
Q

A general term that defines where an animal lives

A

Habitat

73
Q

A reference to the specific “address” of an organism

A

Microhabitat

74
Q

A reference tot he specific microhabitat in which an organism lives and can include the anatomical, physical, and behavioral methods by which an organism exploits the physical space and its relationship to other organisms

A

Organism’s Ecological Niche

75
Q

The study of plants consumed by primates and other animals for medicinal purposes

A

Zoopharmacology

76
Q

Primates that use bipedalism occasionally are

A

Falcutative Bipedalist

77
Q

Humans are described as

A

Habitual Bipedalist

78
Q

Walking “on all fours” on the ground is

A

Quadrupedalism

79
Q

Walking “on all fours” in the trees where the hands and feet are sued for grasping is typically referred to as

A

Quadrumanove

80
Q

Swinging, by hand, from branch to branch with the arms held up above the hand is called

A

Brachiation

81
Q

Referring to their dietary preferences, chimpanzee are

A

Rupe fruit specialists

82
Q

Is putting the interest of others before your own

A

Altruism

83
Q

Individuals can pass along their genes directly (reproduction) and indirectly, through kin (selections)

A

W.D. Hamilton & Kin Selection

84
Q

INCLUDES not only your own reproductive success, but your positive effects on your relatives reproductive success

A

Inclusive Fitness
own contribution + contribution of relatives
Inclusive Fitness:——————————————————-
average contribution of the population

85
Q

The process by which a behavioral act is favored to its beneficials effect on one’s relatives

A

Kin Selection

Physical Anthropology (4 decks)

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