Exam Flashcards
Occurs at the genetic level and is frequency of an allele in a population from (genotype) one generation to the next. (change happens first at the genetic level) genotype
Microevolution
Occurs at the population level and is long term patterns of genetic change over thousands or millions of generations. Includes the process of species information
Macroevolution
The observable and measurable aspect of the organism under study
Phenotype
The combination of a cells
Genotype
The study of the total pattern genetic variation of a biological population
Population Genetics
The relative proportion of each allele within a population (specific letter)
Allele Frequency
The number of individual with each genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population (group of letters)
Genotype Frequency
- Example; 200 people, 98 AA, 84Aa, 18aa
- Frequencies must=1.0
Alteration to the chromosomes and introduces new alleles into a population
Mutation
Genes with more than one allele are
Polymorphic Genes
Genes with only one allele are
Monomorphic Genes
Mutations can also reintroduce alleles back into a population after they are lost
Back Mutation
The original, common, or “normal” version of a gene is
Wild Type allele
The new version of the gene (or the abnormal (version)
Mutant allele
Non-Disease allele
Wild Type
The disease allele
Mutant type
Movement of genes (alleles) from one population to another
Gene Flow
Another tern used for this, but gene flow is a more accurate description
Migration
- An organism’s probability of survival and reproduction
- measured by the number of children we have
Fitness
Selection for the Heterozygote: also called _____________: selection for the heterozygote and against the homozygotes
Balancing Selection
Random change in the allele frequency form one generation to the next due to sampling error
Genetic Drift
When a small number of individuals start a new population; all the descendants are derived
Founder effect
Reduction in genetic variation
Population bottlenecks
What goes on within populations (the changes in allele frequencies due to natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, geneflow)
Microevolution
When these forces lead to the creation of new species over long periods of time
Macroevolution
Reproductive Isolation: no gene flow
- Premating mechanisms (behavioral, visual)
- Post-mating mechanisms (no way to have offspring
Biological Species Concept
When geographic barriers isolate a small subset of a population/species, selection may favor significantly different phenotypes in the isolated region compared to the majority of the species, leading to the evolution of a new species
Allopatric Speciation
Only partial genetic isolation required between populations occupying a great range of environments
Parametric Speciation (partial isolation)
Even with no genetic isolation, if selection is strong enough species differentiation can occur
Sympatric Speciation
Traits in two species that have similar structures, and are inherited from a common ancestor, but may or may not show a similar function.
Homologous Traits
Traits with similar functions in two species but a different structure, not inherited from a common ancestor
Homoplastic Traits
- When the same trait has risen separately in two closely related species, and is not due to it arising one in a common ancestor.
- Similar developmental modifications that evolve independently
Parallel Evolution
Independent Evolution of similar adaptations in rather distinct evolutionary lines
Convergent Evolution
Traits that have not changed from an ancestral state
Ancestral Traits
Traits that have changed from the ancestral state of the groups being classified
Derwed Traits
Defining Traits
-opposable toe/thumb and prehensile hands
-Nails and finger pads
-Reduced reliance on olfactory (smell)
-increased reliance on sight, including development of stereoscopic, color vision
-Large and Specialized brain
Includes development of post-orbital bar/ closure
Wet nose
Strep serine (prosimians)
Dry nose
Haplorhinenose
Old World Monkeys
CattarhineNose= Monkeys, Apes, and Humans
New World Monkeys
PlatyrhineNose (Flat Nose)= Monkeys
K-Selection
Reduction in litter sieze
R-Selection
Litters or many off-spring
Teeth
Mammalian teeth have different types of teeth in their jaws (heterdonty), and have two sets during their life times
- Deciduous (baby) teeth
- Permamnent teeth
Incisors
Flat front teeth used for cutting, slicing and gnawing food
Canines
Located in front of the jaw behind the incisors, normally used by mammals for puncturing and defense
Premolars
Back teeth used for crushing and grinding food
Molars
Teeth furthest in the jaw used for and grinding
Formula
I,C,PM,M
Upper and lower together would be
2-1-2-3
_____
2-1-2-3
There is always a possibility that one might have less teeth in the lower jaw (_______) than the upper jaw (______) or vice versa
Mandible, Maxila
Formula for Old World Monkeys + Apes + Humans
I-C-PM-M
2-1-2-3
______
2-1-2-3
Formula for New World Monkeys
2-1-3-3
_____
2-1-3-3
Types of Old World Monkeys
- Cercopithecidae
- Colobinae
3 major categories of Hominids
- Lesser apes (hylobates):gibbons (6 species), and siamangs
- Great apes:organism (Pongo), gorilla(gorilla), chimpanzee ( pan troglodytes), bombo (pan paniscus)
- Humans (homo)=us
The first closest cousin
Chimp and Bonoba
Closest genetic cousin
Chimp and bonoba
- Found only in Borneo and Sumatra
- Fossil ________ are found more widely throughout Asia going back more than 12 mya
Orangutans
- The relationships of organisms to each other and their environment
- Primate morphology and behavior is affected by the environment in which the primate lives
- Environment includes both physical and social stresses
Primate Ecology
Fruit:high energy yield, but rare, sometimes clumped in distribution
Frugivory
Leaves: abundant, but different to digest, may be toxic
Folivory
Insects:high in proteins, but different to digest, may be toxic
Insectivory
Gums: rich in carbohydrates and minerals, but produced slowly
Gummivory
Vertebrates: high in proteins, rare, defend themselves
Carnivory
Eats a variety of things
Omnivory
The study of all the ways an organism interacts with its environment
Socioecology
Competition among males for access to females, favors large body size, large canine teeth, and other attributes that ____________
Enhance male competitive ability
Males may display their fitness by showing that they can maintain survivorship despite ___________
Handicap Hypothesis
Everything external to an organism
The Environment
A reference to the inanimate elements surrounding an organism
Physical Environment
A reference to the living elements surrounding an organism
Biological Environment
A reference tot he products of an organism endeavors
Cultural Environment
A reference to a very specific set of physical, biological, and cultural factors immediately surrounding an organism
Microenvironment
A general term that defines where an animal lives
Habitat
A reference to the specific “address” of an organism
Microhabitat
A reference tot he specific microhabitat in which an organism lives and can include the anatomical, physical, and behavioral methods by which an organism exploits the physical space and its relationship to other organisms
Organism’s Ecological Niche
The study of plants consumed by primates and other animals for medicinal purposes
Zoopharmacology
Primates that use bipedalism occasionally are
Falcutative Bipedalist
Humans are described as
Habitual Bipedalist
Walking “on all fours” on the ground is
Quadrupedalism
Walking “on all fours” in the trees where the hands and feet are sued for grasping is typically referred to as
Quadrumanove
Swinging, by hand, from branch to branch with the arms held up above the hand is called
Brachiation
Referring to their dietary preferences, chimpanzee are
Rupe fruit specialists
Is putting the interest of others before your own
Altruism
Individuals can pass along their genes directly (reproduction) and indirectly, through kin (selections)
W.D. Hamilton & Kin Selection
INCLUDES not only your own reproductive success, but your positive effects on your relatives reproductive success
Inclusive Fitness
own contribution + contribution of relatives
Inclusive Fitness:——————————————————-
average contribution of the population
The process by which a behavioral act is favored to its beneficials effect on one’s relatives
Kin Selection
