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Physical Anthropology > Quiz #2 > Flashcards

Quiz #2 Flashcards

1
Q

The transformation of a single species over time

A

Anagenesis

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2
Q

Species identified from the fossil record based on PHYSICAL SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES with other species along an evolutionary line (lineage)

A

Paleospecies

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3
Q

The formation of one or more species from another time

Ex: humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas

A

Cladogenesis

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4
Q

Originally proposed by Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould (1972), it proposes that most species will exhibit little net evolutionary change for most of their geological history, remaining an extended state called STASIS. When significant evolutionary change occurs it is generally restricted to rare and rapid (on a geologic time scale) events of branching speciation called cladogenesis.

A

Punctuated Equilibrium

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5
Q

Two different methods to study fossil record

A

Relative Dating & Chronometric Dating

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6
Q
  • Determines which fossils are older (relative to each other)
  • Does not determine exact date
A

Relative Dating

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7
Q
  • Layers of earth

- Utilizes the geological process of superposition (the accumulation over time of the earth’s surface)

A

Stratigraphy/Strata

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8
Q

The older the strata (layers, singular=stratum) are on the bottom, and the younger strata are on the top

A

Principle of Superposition

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9
Q

The study of the temporal and spatial distribution of fossil organisms

A

Biostratigraphy

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10
Q

Provides an ‘exact’ date (plus or minus statistical variation)

A

Chronometric Dating

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11
Q

-Divided into two eons

A

Geologic Time

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12
Q

(4.6 billion years ago to 545 million years ago)

A

Precambrian Eon

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13
Q 
-545 million years ago to present
Broken into 3 geological eras:
-Paleozic (545-245 mya)
-Mezozoic (245-65 mya)
-Cenozoic (65 mya-present)
A

Phanerozic Eon

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14
Q
  • ‘Age of mammals’

- Mammals radiate to fill vacant environmental niches left by the extinction of the dinosaurs

A

Cenozoic

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15
Q
  • 225 mya (plate tectonics)

- last time land was above sea level

A

Pangea

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16
Q
  • Paleocene epoch
  • Eocene epoch
  • Oligocene epoch
A

Epochs

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17
Q

65-54 mya B.P

A

Paleocene epoch

18
Q
  • 54-34 mya B.P
  • Frist primate (primative prosimians)
  • First anthropoids (man like)
A

Eocene epoch

19
Q
  • 34-23 mya BP

- Radiation to anthropoids

A

Oligocene Epoch

20
Q
  • 23-5 mya B.P.
  • Radiation of early apes, divergence of apes
  • Divergence of apes and hominids
A

Miocene Epoch

21
Q

At the end of the mezoic, the earliest likely ancestors of the primates existed

A

Nocturnal, Arboreal, Insectivores, (like the tree shrew)

22
Q

An order of mammals adapted to insect eating

A

Insectivores

23
Q
  • First PRIMATE LIKE mammals in the paleozoic epoch (65-54 mya) .
  • Quadraped mammals with arms and legs adapted for climbing.
A

Plesiadapids

24
Q

Not mammals

A

Plesiadapids

25
Q

Lack postorbital bar (the bony ring separating the eye orbit from the back of the skull in primates

A

Adaptive Radiation

26
Q

3-D Spatial orientation required
-Depth perception for leaping from branch to branch
-Overlapping fields of vision needed
-vision more important than smell
Retention of primitive form with 5 digits helps
Good hand eye coordination

A

Szalay: Requirements for life in trees

27
Q

Stereoscopic vision and grasping hands first evolved as ADAPTATIONS FOR HUNTING INSECTS ALONG BRANCHES

A

Visual Predation Model (Cartmill 1974)

28
Q

Suggest primate origins might relate to eating a mixed diet including fruit/nector/flowers/ rather than only insects

A

Sussman’s Hypothesis

29
Q

Newly evolved flowering plants

A

Angiosperms

30
Q

When did the first true primates appear?

A

Beginning of Eocene Epoch 50-55 mya

31
Q

One group of Eocene primates that were diurnal leaf and fruit eaters is somewhat similar to modern lemurs and lorises

A

Adapids

32
Q

Another group of smaller, nocturnal fruit and insect eaters is somewhat similar to modern tarsiers

A

Omomyids

33
Q

Anthropoid evolved fairly early, possibly as long as 50 mya, might have evolved from a group other than lemur/loris-like or tarsiers-like primates

A

Anthropoid origins

34
Q

Anthropoid fossils first paper in the Eocene Epoch (54-34 mya) in both the Old World and New World

A

Old World Anthropoids

35
Q

Where does the most evidence of anthropoid evolution come from?

A

Africa, South America, and parts of East Asia

36
Q

Where does the most evidence of New World Monkey Evolution come from?

A

Fay, Egypt

37
Q

Earliest fossil record of New World Monkey

A

30 mya

38
Q

Single origin for _________, including NWM, in the Old World

A

Anthropoids

39
Q

Oldest fossil evidence for apes (mostly dental evidence) is from anthropoids form the _______

A

Miocene (22-5 mya)

40
Q

The ________ apes were incredibly diverse until 5-10 mya

A

Miocene

41
Q

Lived in Africa 23-17 mya

A

Genus Proconsul

42
Q

Lives14-7 mya

-Possibly early ancestor of the modern orangutan

A

Sivapithecus

Physical Anthropology (4 decks)

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