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Anatomy and Physiology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Separated from thoracic by diaphragm

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2
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the body’s structures. Comes from Greek work study of structure, means to cut
Can feel and touch

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4
Q

Anion

A

Ion carrying a negative charge (gained an electron)

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5
Q

Anterior

A

Front (ventral)

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6
Q

Atom

A

Basic building block of elements (matter)

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7
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of Protons

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8
Q

ATP

A

Richest energy source; energy carrier; most common form of energy used in body

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9
Q

Blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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10
Q

Buffers

A
  • Systems that resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids
  • Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
  • Carbonic acid dissociates, reversibly releasing bicarbonate ions and protons
  • The chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate resists pH changes in blood
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11
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

-Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood
-Functions:
Pumps blood
Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body

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12
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • 1-3% cell mass
  • 3 different categories
  • Give you quick energy (1-4 hours)
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13
Q

Catabolism

A
  • All of the decomposition reactions that occur in the body

- Release energy

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14
Q

Cation

A

Have lost one or more electrons

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15
Q

Cephalic

A

Relating to the head

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16
Q

CH4

A

Methane

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17
Q

Chemical Energy

A
  • Stored in the bonds of chemical substances

- ATP: Most common form of chemical energy

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18
Q

Chemicals in Human Body

A
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
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19
Q

Collagen

A

Main structural protein found in animal connective tissue

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20
Q

Colloid

A

a. k.a. Emulsions
- Heterogenous mixtures whose solutes do not settle out
- You cannot see through them
- Exp. Plasma

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21
Q

Compounds

A

Two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together

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22
Q

Control Center

A
  • Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained (brain)
  • 1 of the 3 interdependent components of homeostatic control mechanisms
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23
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Share two or more electrons that produces molecules

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24
Q

Cranial Cavity

A

Division of the Dorsal cavity that holds the brain (skull)

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25
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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26
Q

Deep

A

away from surface (well below; beneath three layer of skin)

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27
Q

Definition of Cells

A

Basic structural and functional unit of life

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28
Q

Definition of Tissue

A

Composed of specialized cells and make up organs

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29
Q

Definition of Organs

A

Made up of tissues. Make up organ systems

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30
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A
  • Traces structural changes throughout life

- Changes that occur through age

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31
Q

Digestive System

A
  • Composed of the oral cavity esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
  • Functions:
    • Take in, break down, and absorb food to blood stream
    • Gets rid of waste products
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32
Q

Dipole

A
  • Pair of equal and oppositely charged poles separated by a distance
  • Common in hydrogen bonds
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33
Q

Distal

A

Farther

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34
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A
  • Protects the nervous system
  • Divided into two cavities:
    • Cranial
    • Vertebral
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35
Q

Effector

A
  • Provides the means to respond to stimuli (working skeletal muscle)
  • Part of homeostatic control mechanism
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36
Q

Electrical Energy

A
  • Results from the movement of charged particles

- Cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and nervous system depend on it

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37
Q

Electrons

A
  • have a negative charge and 1/2000 the mass of a proton (0 amu)
  • Found orbiting the nucleus
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38
Q

Elements

A

-unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means

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39
Q

Elements in Human Body

A
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Hydrogen
  • Carbon
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40
Q

Embryological Anatomy

A

study of developmental changes of the body before birth

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41
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

Reactions that absorb energy

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42
Q

Endocrine System

A

Control body metabolic activity

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43
Q

Energy

A
  • The capacity to do work (put matter into motion)
  • Types of energy
    • Kinetic: energy in action
    • Potential: energy in position; stored (inactive) energy
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44
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts; speed up chemical reactions

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45
Q

Exogenic Reactions

A

Chemical reactions that release energy

46
Q

Feedback Systems in the Body

A

-Negative Feedback: the output shuts off the original stimulus
-Ex: heat pump
-Positive Feedback: The output enhances or exaggerates the original stimuli
-Ex: Cascading event
Child labor (birth)

47
Q

Frontal Cut

A

Divides body into anterior and posterior (front and back)

48
Q

Functional Characteristics of Life

A
  • Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Growth
  • Development
  • Reproduction
49
Q

Gross Anatomy

A
  • Regional: all structures in one part of the body (such as abdomen or leg)
  • Systematic: gross anatomy of the body studied by systems
  • Surface: study of the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
50
Q

Growth

A

increase in size of a body part or of the organism

51
Q

Histological Anatomy

A

Study of structure of tissues

52
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

53
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
  • The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
  • Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis
54
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A
  • Weakest bond in the human body, too weak to bind atoms together
  • Common in dipoles such as water
  • Responsible for surface tension in water
  • Important as intramolecular bond, giving the molecule a 3D shape
55
Q

Imbalance of Homeostasis

A
  • Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium
  • Overwhelming the usual negative feedback mechanisms allows destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over
56
Q

Immune System

A

Protects body from foreign substances and pathogens

57
Q

Ionic Bond

A

-Ions are charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electrons
-Assume that all atoms are neutral
-Anions have gained one or more electrons
-Cations have lost one or more electrons
-Formation
-Ionic bonds form between atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons
-Ionic compounds form crystals instead of individual molecules
Sodium Chloride

58
Q

Ions

A

charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electrons

59
Q

Irritability

A

ability to make adjustments to stimuli

60
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

61
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of motion

62
Q

Lateral

A

Side

63
Q

Lipids

A
  • A.K.A. Fats
  • Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
    fats: insolation,
  • Bad things: make up steroids
64
Q

Matter

A
  • The “stuff” of the universe
    • What we can see feel touch
  • Anything that has mass and takes up space
  • States of matter:
    • Solid: has definite shape and volume
    • Liquid: has definite volume; changeable shape
    • Gas: has a changeable shape and volume
65
Q

Mechanical Barrier

A
  • a.k.a. skin

- Protects deep tissue from injury

66
Q

Mechanical Energy

A
  • Directly involved in moving matter

- Musculoskeletal system depends on it

67
Q

Mediastinum

A
  • Divides thoracic cavity into right and left parts

- Contains heart, thymus, trachea, and esophagus

68
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A
  • Study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs
    • Cytology: study of the cell
    • Histology: study of tissues
69
Q

Mixture

A

two or more components physically intermixed (not chemically bonded)

70
Q

Molecules

A

two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

71
Q

Negative Feedback

A
  • The output shuts off the original stimulus

- Ex. Heat pump

72
Q

Neutron

A

have no charge and a mass of one atomic mass unit (amu)

73
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A

Electrons are shared equally between atoms

74
Q

Oblique Cut

A

Cuts made diagonally

75
Q

Organic Compounds

A
  • Contains carbon
  • Are covalently bonded
  • Are often large
76
Q

Organization of Body

A
  • Chemical
  • Cellular
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism
77
Q

Organs in Various Cavities

A
  • Abdominal: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
  • Pelvic: urinary bladder, large intestine, reproductive organs
  • Ventral: internal organs
  • Orbital: eyes
78
Q

Organs of Urinary System

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
79
Q

Parietal Pleural

A

Lines the inner chest walls and covers diaphragm

80
Q

pH

A

Concentration of H+ ions

81
Q

Physiology

A
  • study of the function of the body’s structure and machinery
  • Can’t feel or touch
82
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Share electrons unequally

83
Q

Positive Feedback

A

-The output enhances or exaggerates the original stimuli
-Ex. Cascading event
Child labor (birth)

84
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored energy ready for motion

85
Q

Proteins

A
  • 10-30% of the cell mass
  • Only 20 amino acids in the body
  • Function: source of building, energy, enzymes
  • Made of gobular proteins
  • Named by type of energy they create
  • Increase efficiency without increasing work load
86
Q

Proton

A

have a positive charge and a mass of 1 amu

87
Q

Proximal

A

Close

88
Q

Radiant Energy

A

energy traveling in waves (i.e., visible light, ultraviolet light, and X-rays

89
Q

Receptor

A

Monitors the environment and responds to changes

90
Q

Redox Reaction

A
  • Reactants that lose electrons are oxidized
  • Reactants that gain electrons are reduced
  • Decomposition in the body (ATP)
91
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability to sense changes in the environment and react to them

92
Q

RNA

A

Nucleic acid that reads DNA

93
Q

Sagittal Cut

A

Divides body into right and left parts

94
Q

Salts

A
  • Inorganic compound
  • Contain cations other than the H+ and anions other than OH-
  • Are electrolytes; they conduct electrical currents
95
Q

Serous Membranes

A

Thin sheet composed of epithelial and connective tissues; lines internal cavities

96
Q

Sodium

A

Trace element that makes up 3.9% of body mass

97
Q

Solution

A
  • homogenous mixtures of components

- Contains solvent and solute

98
Q

Solvent

A

Substance that dissolves solute. Water is the world’s solvent

99
Q

Speed of Chemical Reactions

A
  • Temperature: chemical reactions proceed quicker at higher temps
  • Particle size: the smaller the particle the faster the chemical reaction
  • Concentration: Higher reacting particle concentration produce faster reactions
  • Catalysts: Increase the rate of reaction without being chemically changes
  • Enzymes: biological catalysts
100
Q

Steroids in Human Body

A
  • Type of lipid

- Made of carbon

101
Q

Superficial

A

Toward body surface

102
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head

103
Q

Survival Needs

A
  • Nutrients: needed for energy and cell building
  • Oxygen: necessary for metabolic reactions
  • Water: provides necessary environment for chemical reactions
  • Normal Body Temp: necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
  • Atmospheric Pressure: required for proper breathing and gas exchange in lungs
104
Q

Suspension

A
  • heterogenous mixtures with visible solutes that settle out
    • Ex: blood
105
Q

Synovial

A

Joint cavities

106
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A
  • subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
  • Protected by ribs, sternum, scapula, and muscles
  • Pleural cavities: each houses a lung (right under sternum)
  • Mediastinum: contains the pericardial cavity: surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
  • Pericardial cavity: encloses the heart (plastic wrap like)
107
Q

Transverse Cut

A

Divides body into superior and inferior (top and bottom)

108
Q

Types of Tissues

A
  • Muscle
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Nervous
109
Q

Urinary System

A
  • Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
  • Functions:
    • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
    • Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
110
Q

Variable

A

Produces a change in the body

111
Q

Water

A

provides necessary environment for chemical reactions

112
Q

Work of Bones

A
  • Protects and supports the body organs
  • Provides the framework for muscles
  • Site of blood cell formation
  • Stores minerals
  • Play major part in movement

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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