Unit 1 Flashcards
Abdominal Cavity
contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Separated from thoracic by diaphragm
Anatomical Position
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body
Anatomy
Study of the body’s structures. Comes from Greek work study of structure, means to cut
Can feel and touch
Anion
Ion carrying a negative charge (gained an electron)
Anterior
Front (ventral)
Atom
Basic building block of elements (matter)
Atomic Number
Number of Protons
ATP
Richest energy source; energy carrier; most common form of energy used in body
Blood pH
7.35-7.45
Buffers
- Systems that resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids
- Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
- Carbonic acid dissociates, reversibly releasing bicarbonate ions and protons
- The chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate resists pH changes in blood
Cardiovascular System
-Composed of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood
-Functions:
Pumps blood
Blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
Carbohydrates
- 1-3% cell mass
- 3 different categories
- Give you quick energy (1-4 hours)
Catabolism
- All of the decomposition reactions that occur in the body
- Release energy
Cation
Have lost one or more electrons
Cephalic
Relating to the head
CH4
Methane
Chemical Energy
- Stored in the bonds of chemical substances
- ATP: Most common form of chemical energy
Chemicals in Human Body
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
Collagen
Main structural protein found in animal connective tissue
Colloid
a. k.a. Emulsions
- Heterogenous mixtures whose solutes do not settle out
- You cannot see through them
- Exp. Plasma
Compounds
Two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together
Control Center
- Determines the set point at which the variable is maintained (brain)
- 1 of the 3 interdependent components of homeostatic control mechanisms
Covalent Bond
Share two or more electrons that produces molecules
Cranial Cavity
Division of the Dorsal cavity that holds the brain (skull)
Cytology
Study of cells
Deep
away from surface (well below; beneath three layer of skin)
Definition of Cells
Basic structural and functional unit of life
Definition of Tissue
Composed of specialized cells and make up organs
Definition of Organs
Made up of tissues. Make up organ systems
Developmental Anatomy
- Traces structural changes throughout life
- Changes that occur through age
Digestive System
- Composed of the oral cavity esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas
- Functions:
- Take in, break down, and absorb food to blood stream
- Gets rid of waste products
Dipole
- Pair of equal and oppositely charged poles separated by a distance
- Common in hydrogen bonds
Distal
Farther
Dorsal Cavity
- Protects the nervous system
- Divided into two cavities:
- Cranial
- Vertebral
Effector
- Provides the means to respond to stimuli (working skeletal muscle)
- Part of homeostatic control mechanism
Electrical Energy
- Results from the movement of charged particles
- Cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and nervous system depend on it
Electrons
- have a negative charge and 1/2000 the mass of a proton (0 amu)
- Found orbiting the nucleus
Elements
-unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means
Elements in Human Body
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Hydrogen
- Carbon
Embryological Anatomy
study of developmental changes of the body before birth
Endergonic Reactions
Reactions that absorb energy
Endocrine System
Control body metabolic activity
Energy
- The capacity to do work (put matter into motion)
- Types of energy
- Kinetic: energy in action
- Potential: energy in position; stored (inactive) energy
Enzymes
Biological catalysts; speed up chemical reactions
Exogenic Reactions
Chemical reactions that release energy
Feedback Systems in the Body
-Negative Feedback: the output shuts off the original stimulus
-Ex: heat pump
-Positive Feedback: The output enhances or exaggerates the original stimuli
-Ex: Cascading event
Child labor (birth)
Frontal Cut
Divides body into anterior and posterior (front and back)
Functional Characteristics of Life
- Organization
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Growth
- Development
- Reproduction
Gross Anatomy
- Regional: all structures in one part of the body (such as abdomen or leg)
- Systematic: gross anatomy of the body studied by systems
- Surface: study of the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
Growth
increase in size of a body part or of the organism
Histological Anatomy
Study of structure of tissues
Histology
Study of tissues
Homeostasis
- Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
- The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium
- Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis
Hydrogen Bond
- Weakest bond in the human body, too weak to bind atoms together
- Common in dipoles such as water
- Responsible for surface tension in water
- Important as intramolecular bond, giving the molecule a 3D shape
Imbalance of Homeostasis
- Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium
- Overwhelming the usual negative feedback mechanisms allows destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over
Immune System
Protects body from foreign substances and pathogens
Ionic Bond
-Ions are charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electrons
-Assume that all atoms are neutral
-Anions have gained one or more electrons
-Cations have lost one or more electrons
-Formation
-Ionic bonds form between atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons
-Ionic compounds form crystals instead of individual molecules
Sodium Chloride
Ions
charged atoms resulting from the gain or loss of electrons
Irritability
ability to make adjustments to stimuli
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
Lateral
Side
Lipids
- A.K.A. Fats
- Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
fats: insolation, - Bad things: make up steroids
Matter
- The “stuff” of the universe
- What we can see feel touch
- Anything that has mass and takes up space
- States of matter:
- Solid: has definite shape and volume
- Liquid: has definite volume; changeable shape
- Gas: has a changeable shape and volume
Mechanical Barrier
- a.k.a. skin
- Protects deep tissue from injury
Mechanical Energy
- Directly involved in moving matter
- Musculoskeletal system depends on it
Mediastinum
- Divides thoracic cavity into right and left parts
- Contains heart, thymus, trachea, and esophagus
Microscopic Anatomy
- Study of microscopic structures of tissues and organs
- Cytology: study of the cell
- Histology: study of tissues
Mixture
two or more components physically intermixed (not chemically bonded)
Molecules
two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Negative Feedback
- The output shuts off the original stimulus
- Ex. Heat pump
Neutron
have no charge and a mass of one atomic mass unit (amu)
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
Electrons are shared equally between atoms
Oblique Cut
Cuts made diagonally
Organic Compounds
- Contains carbon
- Are covalently bonded
- Are often large
Organization of Body
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
Organs in Various Cavities
- Abdominal: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys
- Pelvic: urinary bladder, large intestine, reproductive organs
- Ventral: internal organs
- Orbital: eyes
Organs of Urinary System
- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
Parietal Pleural
Lines the inner chest walls and covers diaphragm
pH
Concentration of H+ ions
Physiology
- study of the function of the body’s structure and machinery
- Can’t feel or touch
Polar Covalent Bond
Share electrons unequally
Positive Feedback
-The output enhances or exaggerates the original stimuli
-Ex. Cascading event
Child labor (birth)
Potential Energy
Stored energy ready for motion
Proteins
- 10-30% of the cell mass
- Only 20 amino acids in the body
- Function: source of building, energy, enzymes
- Made of gobular proteins
- Named by type of energy they create
- Increase efficiency without increasing work load
Proton
have a positive charge and a mass of 1 amu
Proximal
Close
Radiant Energy
energy traveling in waves (i.e., visible light, ultraviolet light, and X-rays
Receptor
Monitors the environment and responds to changes
Redox Reaction
- Reactants that lose electrons are oxidized
- Reactants that gain electrons are reduced
- Decomposition in the body (ATP)
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes in the environment and react to them
RNA
Nucleic acid that reads DNA
Sagittal Cut
Divides body into right and left parts
Salts
- Inorganic compound
- Contain cations other than the H+ and anions other than OH-
- Are electrolytes; they conduct electrical currents
Serous Membranes
Thin sheet composed of epithelial and connective tissues; lines internal cavities
Sodium
Trace element that makes up 3.9% of body mass
Solution
- homogenous mixtures of components
- Contains solvent and solute
Solvent
Substance that dissolves solute. Water is the world’s solvent
Speed of Chemical Reactions
- Temperature: chemical reactions proceed quicker at higher temps
- Particle size: the smaller the particle the faster the chemical reaction
- Concentration: Higher reacting particle concentration produce faster reactions
- Catalysts: Increase the rate of reaction without being chemically changes
- Enzymes: biological catalysts
Steroids in Human Body
- Type of lipid
- Made of carbon
Superficial
Toward body surface
Superior
Toward the head
Survival Needs
- Nutrients: needed for energy and cell building
- Oxygen: necessary for metabolic reactions
- Water: provides necessary environment for chemical reactions
- Normal Body Temp: necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
- Atmospheric Pressure: required for proper breathing and gas exchange in lungs
Suspension
- heterogenous mixtures with visible solutes that settle out
- Ex: blood
Synovial
Joint cavities
Thoracic Cavity
- subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
- Protected by ribs, sternum, scapula, and muscles
- Pleural cavities: each houses a lung (right under sternum)
- Mediastinum: contains the pericardial cavity: surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
- Pericardial cavity: encloses the heart (plastic wrap like)
Transverse Cut
Divides body into superior and inferior (top and bottom)
Types of Tissues
- Muscle
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Nervous
Urinary System
- Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
- Functions:
- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
- Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
Variable
Produces a change in the body
Water
provides necessary environment for chemical reactions
Work of Bones
- Protects and supports the body organs
- Provides the framework for muscles
- Site of blood cell formation
- Stores minerals
- Play major part in movement
