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Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Adipose Tissue

A
  • Fatty tissue
  • Made of adipocytes (fat cells)
  • Functions:
    • Energy storage
    • Insulation
    • Protection
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2
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Third phase of Mitosis.
  • Chromosomes are being split
  • Spindle poles act like vacuums
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3
Q

Apocrine

A
  • a.k.a. mammary glands

- Accumulate secretions that are released when a portion of the cell pinches off

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4
Q

Apocrine Cells

A
  • Found in axillary and anogenital areas
  • Larger than eccrine glands
  • Secrete a substance made out of sweat, fatty substances, and protein
  • Function: no human function; helps animals identify themselves
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5
Q

Arrector Pili

A

Muscle attached to the hair follicle and dermis that raises the hair when it contracts

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6
Q

ATP

A
  • The most common form of chemical energy.

- Is used in active transport and is made by mitochondria.

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7
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life
  • everything begins at the cellular level
  • Organismal activity depends on the individual and collective activity of cells
    • Types of cells determine function
  • Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by subcellular structures (organelles)
  • Continuity of life is based on cells
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8
Q

Cells

A

Basic structural and functional unit of life

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9
Q

Centriole

A
  • Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus
  • Look like pasta noodles
  • Pinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules
  • Play major role in reproduction
  • Produce spindles to organize chromosomes during mitosis
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10
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A
  • modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumn (ear wax)
  • Function: protection and blocks out pathogens and dirt
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11
Q

Chromosome

A
  • Composed of DNA and proteins
  • Contains primary genetic info of cell
  • 23 pairs in humans
  • Found in nucleus
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12
Q

Cilia

A
  • Tiny hair-like projections that swishes things across like a wave
  • Flagellum is a tail-like projection that propels the cell forward -found in sperm
  • Move substances in one direction across cell surfaces
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13
Q

Collagen Fibers

A
  • Resemble ropes

- Strong and flexible but resist stretching

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14
Q

Columnar

A
  • Epithelial cells that are taller than they are wide

- Resemble columns

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15
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Distinguished by its extracellular matrix
  • Functions:
    • Enclose and separate organs and tissues
    • Connect tissues to one another
    • Support and move body parts
    • Store compounds
    • Cushion and insulate the body
    • Transport substances
    • Protect against toxins and injury
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16
Q

Cuboidal

A
  • Epithelial cells that are as wide as they are tall

- Look like cubes

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17
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A
  • A.k.a. skin
  • biggest membrane/organ in body
  • 18 square feet
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18
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • Last phase of mitosis

- Division of the cytoplasm

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19
Q

Cytosol

A
  • Mainly water with dissolved proteins, salts, sugars and other solutes
  • 70-80% water
  • 10-20% protein
  • 2% lipid
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20
Q

Dermis and Layers

A
  • Papillary layer has projections called dermal papillae and is composed of loose connective tissue that is well supplied with capillaries
  • Reticular layer is the main layer
    • Dense irregular connective tissue consisting mostly of collagen
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21
Q

Diffusion

A

Tendency for solute molecules to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in solution

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22
Q

DNA

A
  • Type of nucleic acid containing deoxyribose
  • Found in nuclei of cells
  • Constitutes genetic material of cells
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23
Q

DNA Replication

A
  • Interphase is the period between cell divisions and is the time where DNA is replicated
  • During replication, DNA unwinds, and each strand produces a new DNA molecule
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24
Q

Eccrine Glands

A
  • Found in palms, soles, of the feet, and forehead
  • Simple coil-liked tubes
  • Function: release sweat via exocytosis
  • 90% water
  • Almost same makeup as plasma
  • Genetics, diet, activity level determine amount of sweat
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25
Q

Elastic Fibers

A
  • Type of protein fiber
  • Similar to springs (like in a bed)
  • Tend to return to original shape
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26
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

-Release hormones that are absorbed directly into the blood

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27
Q

Endomembrane system

A
  • System of organelles that function to:
    • Produce, store, and export biological molecules
    • Degrade potentially harmful substances
    • System includes
  • Nuclear envelope
  • smooth and rough ER
  • lysosomes
  • vacuoles
  • transport vesicles
  • Golgi apparatus
  • plasma membrane
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28
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae
  • Complex membrane system running from nucleus to plasma mebrane
  • Functions:
    • Transportation
    • Storage
  • Continuous with the nuclear membrane
  • Two varieties:
    • Rough ER
      • Attachment of ribosomes
      • Bedazzled with ribosomes
      • Manufacture and secrete all proteins
      • Responsible for producing proteins and phospholipids for membrane
    • Smooth ER
      • Produce steroids
      • Tubules arranged in a looping network
      • Catalyzes following reactions
      • Liver: lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen and, along with the kidneys, detoxification of drugs
      • Testes: production of steroid-based hormones
      • Intestinal cells: absorbtion, synthesis, and transport of fats
      • Skeletal and cardiac muscle: storage and release of calcium
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29
Q

Endothelium

A

!!

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30
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Made of stratified Squamous cells
  • Divided into five layers
    • stratum basale
    • stratum spinosum
    • stratum granulosum
    • stratum lucidum
    • stratum corneum
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31
Q

Epithelia Tissue

A

!!

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32
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Consists of cells with little extracellular matrix
  • Covers surfaces, has a basement membrane, and has no blood vessels
  • Functions:
    • Protects underlying structures
    • Acts as a barrier
    • Secrete substances
    • Absorb substances
  • Types are simple, stratified, pseudostratified, squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
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33
Q

Exocrine Glands

A
  • More numerous than endocrine glands
  • Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
    • Mucous, sweat, oil, salivary glands
  • Only important unicellular gland is the goblet cell
  • Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a duct and secretory unit
  • Classified according to:
    • Simple or compound duct type
    • Structure of their secretory units
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34
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • Secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation

- Move substances from the cell interior to the extracellular space

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35
Q

Fingernails

A
  • Nail root is covered by skin, and the nail body is the visible part of the nail
  • Nearly all of nail is formed by nail matrix, but nail bed contributes
  • Nail is stratum corneum containing hard keratin
  • Function is to protect ends of fingers
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36
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Contains collagen fibers in thick bundles
  • Can withstand great pressure
  • Found between vertebrae, in the jaw, and in the knee
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37
Q

Flagella

A
  • Long hair-like projections similar to cilia

- Propel sperm cells

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38
Q

Hair

A
  • Three parts: shaft, root, and hair bulb
  • Root and shaft made of dead keratinized epithelial cells
  • Color is determined by amount of melanin
  • Hair bulb produces hair in cycles of growth and rest
  • Protects against abrasion and ultraviolet light and is a heat insulator
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39
Q

Hair follicles

A
  • Root sheath extending from the epidermal surface into the dermis
  • Deep end is expanded forming a hair bulb
  • A knot of sensory nerve endings ( a root hair plexus) wraps around each hair bulb
  • Bending a hair stimulates these endings, hence out hairs act as sensitive touch receptors
40
Q

Holocrine Cells

A

Cells that have filled up with substance and are about to rupture

41
Q

Human cells

A

!!

42
Q

Hypertonic Solutions

A
  • Solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol
    • Ex: drinking salt water
  • Water diffuses out of cells. Cells shrink
43
Q

Hypodermis

A

-Subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
-Composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue
-Function:
-Shock absorption
=Insulation
-Rich supply of energy
-Regulates temperature

44
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A
  • Solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol
  • Water diffuses into the cell. Cell swells
45
Q

Keratin

A

!!

46
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • produce the fibrous protein keratin
  • Scale-like in appearance
  • Most common cells found in epidermis
47
Q

Langerhans Cells

A
  • epidermal macrophages that help activate the immune system
  • Come from immune system
48
Q

Layers of Epidermis

A
  • Stratum basale: made of keratinocytes
  • Stratum spinosum: made of several layers of cells held together by many desmosomes
  • Stratum granulosum: made of cells filled with granules of keratohyalin (cell death occurs here)
  • Stratum lucidum: made of a layer of dead, transparent cells
  • Stratum corneum: made of many layers of dead squamous cells
49
Q

Lunula

A
  • Part of the nail matrix visible through the nail body
  • Whitish, cresent-shaped area at the base of the nail
    • This is because it is too thick for the blood vessels to show through
50
Q

Lysomes

A

-Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
“garbage disposals”
-Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
-Degrade nonfunctional organelles
-Breakdown glycogen and release thyroid hormone
-Breakdwon nonuseful tissue
-Breakdown bone to release Ca2+
-Secretory lysosomes are found in white blood cells, immune cells, and melanocytes

51
Q

Make up of cells

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Secretory Vesicles
  • Lysosomes
  • Peroxisomes
  • Proteasomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Centrioles and Spindle Fibers
  • Cilia and Flagella
  • Microvilli
52
Q

Mammary Glands

A
  • a.k.a. apocrine glands

- Accumulate secretions that are released when a portion of the cell pinches off

53
Q

Meioses

A

-Production of gametes or sex cells

54
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Produce melanin

- Amount determines skin color

55
Q

Merkel Cells

A
  • function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings
  • Half-hemisphere shape
56
Q

Merocrine Cells

A
  • a.k.a. pancreas

- Secrete substances as they are produced

57
Q

Metaphase

A
  • 2nd phase of mitosis

- Chromosomes are lined up in the middle

58
Q

Microtubules

A
  • Hollow, slender, cylinder shaped tubes
  • Function:
    • Assist in movement of cilia and flagellum and help move chromosomes
    • Help in mitosis
59
Q

Microvilli

A
  • Tubular extensions of the plasma membrane
  • Made out of protein Actin
  • Function:
    • Absorption and provides huge surface area
  • Found in small intestine
60
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • “powerhouse” of the cell
  • Double membrane structure with shelf -like cristae
  • Provide most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
  • Contain their own DNA and RNA
61
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Nuclear division

- Essential for body growth and tissue repair

62
Q

Mucous Membrane

A
  • Made of epithelial cells, basement membrane, lamina propria, and smooth muscle cells
  • Line cavities that open to the outside and contain mucous glands which secrete mucus
63
Q

Muscular Tissue

A
  • Has ability to contract
  • Functions:
    • Movement
    • Pump
    • Protection
  • Involuntary and voluntary
64
Q

Nucleoli

A

-Made of RNA and proteins and are sites of ribosomal subunit assembly

65
Q

Organs

A

-Composed of two or more tissues that perform specific functions

66
Q

Osmosis

A
  • Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
  • Isotonic (cell stays same), hypertonic (cell shrinks), hypotonic (cell swells)
67
Q

Papillary layer

A
  • Layer of the Dermis
  • Has projections called dermal papillae and is composed of loose connective tissue that is well supplied with capillaries
68
Q

Passive Membrane Transport

A
  • Simple diffusion: nonpolar and lipid-soluble substances
    • Movement of particles across a semi-permeable membrane
    • Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer
    • Diffuse through channel proteins
  • Facilitated Diffusion:
    • Transport of glucose, amino acids, and ions
    • Transported substances bind carrier proteins or pass through protein channels
    • Assisted diffusion
    • Getting amino acids into the cells to keep building tissues
69
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • Membrane-bound sacs
  • Have enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino acids
  • Have enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
70
Q

Phagocytosis

A

-Bulk movement of solid materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle

71
Q

Makeup of Plasma Membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer where proteins are suspended (fluid-mosaic model)

72
Q

Plasma Membrane Function

A

Passively or actively regulates what enters or leaves the cell (forms outer boundary of the cell)

73
Q

Potassium

A

!!

74
Q

Prophase

A
  • 1st phase of mitosis
  • Chromatin condense to chromosomes
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles of cell
  • Astral and spindle fibers form
  • Nuclear envelope breaks apart
75
Q

Pseudostratified

A

False layers; looks like multiple layers but is really only one

76
Q

Reticular Fibers

A
  • Fine collagen fibers that form branching network that supports cells and tissues
  • Type of protein fiber
77
Q

Reticular Layer

A
  • Main layer of the dermis

- Dense irregular connective tissue made up of mostly collagen

78
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Made of large and small subunits
  • Sites of protein synthesis
  • Can be free or on rough ER
79
Q

RNA

A
  • Carry instructions from DNA to ribosome for protein synthesis
  • Reverse of DNA
80
Q

Root Hair Plexus

A

A knot of nerve endings wrapped around each hair bulb

81
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A
  • a.k.a. holocrine glands

- Accumulate secretions that are released when the cell ruptures and dies

82
Q

Serous Membranes

A
  • Line cavities that do not open to the exterior

- Do not contain glands that secrete fluid

83
Q

Simple

A

Single layer of epithelial cells

84
Q

Skin

A

!!

85
Q

Squamous

A

Flat epithelial cells with no regular pattern

86
Q

Stratified

A

Two or more layers or epithelial cells

87
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • One of five layers of epidermis

- Made of many layers of dead squamous cells

88
Q

Straum Germinativum

A
  • Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis
  • Consists of a single row of the youngest keratinocytes
  • Single layer of cubed shaped cells
  • 50% are melanocytes
  • Function: Anchor epidermis to the dermis and produce melanin
  • A.k.a. stratum germinatum layer because cells undergo rapid division
  • Got the most oxygen and nutrients (where mitosis takes place)
89
Q

Sudorifer Glands

A

!!

90
Q

Telophase

A
  • 4th and last phase of mitosis
  • Chromosomes unravel to become chromatin
  • Nuclear envelope and nucleoli reappear
91
Q

Terminal Hair

A
  • Replaces lanugo (fetal) hair

- Long, coarse, and pigmented hairs

92
Q

Tissue Repair

A

Cell division

93
Q

Tissues

A
  • Embryonic, epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

- Made up of two or more cells

94
Q

Vellus Hairs

A

-Short, fine, and unpigmented hair

95
Q

Vernix Caseosa

A
  • Stuff on babies when they are born

- produced from sebaceous glands

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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