Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Frontal plane/coronal plane
A
Separate body into front and back (for coronal through coronal suture-tends to be used in regards to head?)
2
Q
Ventral
A
Towards front of body (away from back bone)
3
Q
Anterior
A
Towards front of body
4
Q
Dorsal
A
Away from front of body (towards backbone)
5
Q
Posterior
A
Towards back or away from front (reference to head or free extremities)
6
Q
Cranial
A
Towards head (rostral)
7
Q
Caudal
A
Towards tail
8
Q
Superior and inferior
A
Upper lower
9
Q
Superficial and deep
A
At surface and away from surface
10
Q
Medial
A
Towards axis of body
11
Q
Lateral
A
Away from center of body
12
Q
Peripheral
A
Towards outer surface of body
13
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Vertical plane, separates body into left and right
14
Q
5 types of elementary tissue
A
Epithelium, connective, muscular, nervous, vascular
15
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
Covers things (external surface of body and lines tubes and passages to exterior)
16
Q
Connective tissue
A
Bind/connect structures, provides body support, aids in bodily maintenance
- loose=areolar and adipose
- dense=tendons, ligaments, fasciae, reticular
- soecialized=bones and cartilage
17
Q
3 types of cartilage
A
1) hyaline- covers the articular surfaces of joints and for,s framework of larynx, trachea, and bronchi
2) elastic- occurs in external auditory meatus, epiglottis, and some small laryngeal cartilage
3) fibrous- some joints of body and some ligaments, particularly spinal column
18
Q
Tendons
A
Muscle to bone
19
Q
Ligaments
A
Bone to bone
20
Q
The three body cavities
A
Pleural-lungs
Pericardial-heart
Peritoneal- digestive organs
21
Q
Two kinds of bones
A
Dense/compact
Spongy/ cancellous
22
Q
Haversian canals
A
Bone marrow
23
Q
How many bones in adult human skeleton
A
206
24
Q
Axial skeleton
A
Spine, cranium, ribs
25
Appendicular skeleton
Appendages
26
What are the three types of joints
Synarthrodic-immovable
Ampiarthrodic- slightly moveable
Diarthrotic-freely moveable
27
What are the three types of muscle
Smooth, cardiac, striated (aka skeletal)
28
Cardiac muscle
In heart, appear striated, involuntary control
29
Smooth (visceral) muscle
In walls of hollow visceral organs, appear spindle shaped, involuntary control
30
Striated muscle
Attached to skeleton, striated, voluntary control, multi-nucleated
31
Isometric contraction
Muscles do not shorten
32
Isotonic
Muscles shorten but tension remains the same
33
Vertebrae numbers
32-34 total
7 cervical (extra foramen on each transverse)
12 thoracic (extra facet for rib attachment)
5 lumbar (large)
5 sacral (fused with foramen)
3-5 coccygeal (fused without foramen)
34
Corpus (of vertebrae)
Body, bulk
35
Pedicle
Legs of vertebrae
36
Vertebral foramen
Hole where spinal cord runs through
37
Neural arch
Offers protection to spinal cord, makes up back part of foramen
38
Spinous process
Acts as attachment for muscles and is the point on back
39
Transverse process
Projects laterally on either side of vertebrae
40
How many pairs of ribs and break down
12 total
1-7 are true (attached to sternum)
8-10 are false (attached with cartilage)
11-12 are floating (nit attached to sternum)
41
Costal attachments
Posteriorly- attach to thoracic vertebrae at costal-transverse and costal-lateral articulations (aka costo-vertebral)
Anteriorly- attach at costo-sternal articulation (aka costochronal)
42
Costochronal
Where ribs attach to sternum
43
Three parts of sternum
Manubrium
Body/corpus
Ensiform/xyphoid process
44
What ribs attach to the corpus
Ribs 3-7
45
Diaphragm
Inspiration
Origin:xyphoid process
Insertion: central tendon of diaphragm
Function: expand thoracic cavity
46
External intercostal
Inspiration
Origin: inferior surface of ribs 1-11
Insertion: upper surface of rib directly below
Function: elevate ribs
47
Internal intercostals (inter cartilaginous portion)
Inspiration
Origin: inferior surface of ribs1-11 at the anterior cartilaginous portion of the ribs--lies under external intercostals
Insertion: course down to the upper surface of the rib directly below
Function: elevate the ribs
48
Levator costarum, longis
Inspiration
Origin: transverse processes of t7-t11
Insertion: course down and obliquely out; bypass the rib below the point of origin and inserting into the next rib below
Function: elevates the ribs
49
Levator costarum, brevis
Inspiration
Origin: transverse processes of t7-t11
Insertion: course obliquely down and out to insert at the tubercle of the rib below
Function: elevate the ribs
50
Serratus posterior superior
Inspiration
Origin: spinous processes of c7 and t1-t3
Insertion: course down and laterally to insert just beyond the angles of ribs 2 through 5
Function:elevate the ribs
51
Sternocleidomastoid
Inspiration
Origin: mastoid bone process of the temporal bone
Insertion: course down and in to insert into the superior portion of the manubrium and the clavicle
Function: elevates sternum and rib cage
52
Scalenus anterior
Inspiration
Origin: transverse processes of vertebrae c3-c6
Insertion: course down to insert into the superior surface of rib 1
Function: elevate rib 1 (subsequently elevate all other ribs)
53
Scalenus medius
Inspiration
Origin: transverse processes of vertebrae c2-c7
Insertion: course down to the superior surface of the first rib
Function: elevate 1st rib
54
Scalenus posterior
Inspiration
Origin: transverse processes of c5-c7
Insertion: course down to insert at the second rib
Function: elevate 2nd rib
55
Pectoralis major
Inspiration
Origin: sternal head;length of the sternum at the costal cartilages; clavicular head; and the anterior clavicle
Insertion: fan-like laterally, converge at humerous, insert greater tubercle of humerous
Function: elevates sternum, expand rib cage laterally
56
Pectoralis minor
Inspiration
Origin: anterior surface of ribs 2-5 near chondral margin *deep to major*
Insertion: courses up and laterally to insert into the coracoid process of the scapula
Function: increase transverse dimension of rib cage
57
Subclavius
Inspiration
Origin: inferior surface of the clavicle
Insertion: courses obliquely and medically to insert at the superior surface of rib 1 at the chondral margin
Function: elevate 1st rib
58
Serratus anterior
Inspiration
Origin:inferior surface if the clavicle
Insertion: courses obliquely and medially to insert at the superior surface of rib 1 at the chondral margin *more on the side, subclavius is more in front
Function: elevate 1st rib
59
Latissimus dorsi
Inspiration and expiration
Origin: lower thoracic, along with the lumbar and sacral vertebrae and back surface of ribs 8-12
Insertion:courses upward across the back of the lower torso at different angles to insert into the humerous
Function: w/arm fixed it elevates the lower ribs (also functions w/ expiration) with expiration stabilizes posterior abd. Wall
60
Lateral iliocostalis cervis
```
Inspiration
Origin:outer surface of ribs 3-6
Insertion: courses upward and toward the midline to insert into the 4-6 cervical vertebrae
Function: elevate ribs 3-6
*fixed part =cervical vertebrae
```
61
Lateral iliocostalis thoracis
Inspiration and expiration
Origin: upper edges of ribs 7-12
Insertion: courses upward and toward the midline to insert into the lower edges of ribs 1-6
Function: stabilizes large segments of the back of rib cage wall and makes them move along with the rib cage in expiration makes segments move with rib depression
62
Internal intercostal-interosseous portion
Expiration
Origin: inferior margin of ribs 1-11(only osseous portion not cartilage)
Insertion: course down and laterally to insert at superior surface of the rib below (fill space b/t ribs)
Function:depress ribs 1-11
63
Transversus thoracis
Expiration
Origin: posterior surface of the sternum along the body and xyphoid process
Insertion: course up and laterally to insert at the inner chondral surface of ribs 2-6 (short muscle)
Function: depress the rib cage
64
Subcostal
Expiration
Origin: from the inner surface of the rib near the angle
Insertion: course down and laterally to insert on the inner surface of the second or third rib below
Function: depress the rib cage
65
Serratus posterior inferior
Expiration
Origin: spinous process of t11,t12, and L1-3
Insertion: course up and laterally to insert at the lower margin of ribs 8-12
Function: pulls rib cage down (depresses the rib cage) and supports the expiratory effort
66
Transversus abdominis
Expiration
Origin: posterior abdominal wall at the vertebral column via the thoracolumbar fascia(sheet of connective tissue) of the abdominal aponeurosis
Insertion: course laterally to insert at the transverse abdominis aponeurosis and inner surface of ribs 6-12
Function: compress the abdomen
67
Internal oblique abdominis
Expiration
Origin: inguinal ligament and iliac crest
Insertion: fan-like medially to insert on the cartilaginous portion of the lower ribs and the portion of the abdominal aponeurosis lateral to the rectus abdominus
Function: rotate/flex trunk and compress abdomen
68
External oblique abdominis
Expiration
Origin: osseous portion of the lower seven ribs
Insertion: course fan-like downward to insert at the iliac crest
Function: bilateral contraction flexes the vertebral column, compresses the abdomen
69
Rectus abdominis
Expiration
Origin: originates as 4 or 5 segments at the pubis inferiorly
Insertion: courses up to the xyphoid process of the sternum and the cartilage of ribs 5-7
Function: flex ion of vertebral column (also keeps trunk in position-respiration)
70
Quadratus lumborum
Expiration
Origin: iliac crest
Insertion: fan-like up and medially to insert at the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae and the inferior border of rib 12
Function: fixes abd. Wall in support of abd. Compression in bilateral contraction
71
Lateral iliocostalis lumborum
Expiration
Origin: lumbodorsal fascia, lumbar vertebrae, and back surface of the coxal bone
Insertion: courses upward and medially to insert into the lower edges of ribs 7-12
72
Pulmonary airways
Trachea divides to main stream bronchi (left and right) divide into smaller lobar bronchi the alveoli
73
Pleura (visceral and parietal)
Visceral covers the outer surface of lungs
Parietal covers inner surface of chest wall
Allow lungs to move ink chest wall without friction and also fluid links the membranes together
74
Four structures of the chest wall
Rib cage
Diaphragm
Abdominal wall
Abdominal content
75
Passive forces from inspiration
Elastic recoil
Untwisting
Gravitational
76
Active forces
Muscle contractions of expiratory muscles decrease size of the the thoracic cavity and contraction of the inspiratory muscles increase the size of the thoracic cavity
