Unit 1&2 exam revision Flashcards
1
Q
Emotional health and wellbeing
A
Relates to the ability to recognise, understand, effectively manage and express emotions as well as the ability to display resilience
Aspects:
- recognise range of emotions
- experience appropriate emotions in a scenario
- respond to, express and manage emotions
- ability to display resilience
2
Q
Mental health and wellbeing
A
Relates to the current state of wellbeing relating to a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process information. A mentally healthy brain enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic.
Aspects:
- levels of stress and anxiety
- self esteem
- levels of confidence
- thought patterns
3
Q
Social health and wellbeing
A
Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.
Aspects:
- communication with others
- supporting and well-functioning family
- productive relationships with others
- supportive network of friends
4
Q
Physical health and wellbeing
A
Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems, it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.
Aspects:
- body weight
- illness, disease and injury
- energy levels
- ability to complete physical tasks adequately
- fitness levels
- immune system
- body systems and organs
5
Q
Spiritual health and wellbeing
A
Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the mind and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world.
Aspects:
- sense of belonging
- meaning and purpose in life
- peace and harmony
- acting according to values and beliefs
6
Q
Sociocultural factors
A
The social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These factors can raise or lower health status
- family
- peer group
- employment
- education
- housing
- income
- access to health information
7
Q
Political factors
A
the decisions and actions taken by government and non-government agencies on issues, including those relating to healthcare, health policies and health funding
- food policies/laws
- health promotion
- food labelling
8
Q
Health and wellbeing
A
The state of a person’s physical, social,
emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.
9
Q
Socioeconomic status (SES)
A
Socioeconomic status (SES) is a measure of a person’s social and economic position based on income, education and occupation.
10
Q
Health status
A
An individual’s or population’s overall health and wellbeing taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.
11
Q
Health indicators
A
Standard statistics that are used to measure and compare health status
12
Q
Self-assessed health status
A
A measure based on a person’s own opinion about how they feel about their health and wellbeing, their state of mind and their life in general
13
Q
Life expectancy
A
The number of years on average remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change.
14
Q
Mortality
A
The number of deaths in a population in a given time period
15
Q
Morbidity
A
Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group. This is often expressed. through incidence and prevalence
16
Q
Incidence
A
The number or rate of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period of time.
17
Q
Prevalence
A
The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.
18
Q
Burden of disease
A
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability.
19
Q
DALY
A
- disability-adjusted life year.
- a measure of the burden of disease
- one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death.
- calculated - YLL + YLD
20
Q
YLL - years of life lost
A
A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death.
21
Q
YLD - years of life lost due to disability
A
A measure of how many healthy years are lost due to illness, injury or disability.
22
Q
Hospital separations
A
Hospital separations are episodes of hospital care that start with admission and ends at transfer, discharge, or death.
23
Q
Core activity limitation
A
Core activity limitation is when an individual has difficulty or requires assistance with any of the three core activities.
- Self-care
- Mobility
- Communication in own language
24
Q
Psychological distress
A
Psychological distress relates to unpleasant feelings and emotions that affect an individual’s level of functioning.
25
Describing the AGHE
- the bottom left hand section has fats and oils and states: 'used in small amounts'
- outside the pie chart there is a glass of water and a tap to encourage the consumption of water
- grains and vegetables take up the 2 highest percentages of the chart
26
Advantages and disadvantages of the AGHE
Advantages:
- includes water
- fruit and vegetables are separate
- is visual and includes pictures so that it can be easily understood
Disadvantages:
- doesn't give serving sizes
- may be difficult to categorise mixed foods
27
Describing the HEP
- includes herbs and spices to the side to substitute sugar and salt
- the top layer has an oil bottle and olive branch with the words 'healthy fats'
- outside the pyramid is a glass of water with a tick and the words 'choose water'
28
Advantages and disadvantages of the HEP
Advantages:
- promotes herbs and spices to use for flavour
- suitable for all to read including children and people with limited food knowledge
- refers to salt and sugar with pictures and a cross to advise not to use in excess
Disadvantages:
- no serving sizes
- doesn't include sometimes foods
- doesn't categorise foods that may belong to different groups
29
Nutrients
substances that provide nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth
30
Kilojoules (kJ)
a unit for measuring energy intake or expenditure
31
Macronutrients and Micronutrients
Macronutrients:
nutrients we need large amounts of in out diet (carbs, fats, protein)
Micronutrients:
needed in very small amounts (vitamins, minerals)
32
Carbohydrates
Function:
- provide fuel for body
- required for metabolism & growth
Food Source - vegetables, rice, cereals
Nutritional imbalance:
- stored as adipose tissue - weight gain
- ^ can develop sleep apnoea
33
Fibre
Function:
- absorbs water, bulky faeces, no constipation
- reduces cholesterol
Food source - grains, seeds, wholemeal bread
Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - risk of uncontrolled cell growth, tumours, colorectal cancer
34
Iron
Function:
- forms the 'haem' in haemoglobin
- ^ carries oxygen through the blood
Food source - tofu, chicken, eggs
Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - anaemia
35
Sodium
Function:
- regulation of fluids in body (water, blood)
- fluid drawn to sodium - balances fluid in cells vs out of cells
Food sources - table salt, olives, fish
Nutritional imbalance:
- overconsumption - hypertension -> CVD
36
Calcium
Function:
- required for building bone density
- required for building hard tissue (teeth, cartilage)
Food source - dairy products
Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - osteoporosis
37
Water
Function:
- needed for all chemical reactions to provide energy
- key component of many cells, tissues, blood and systems
Food sources - watermelon, apple, cucumber
Nutritional imbalance:
- dehydration - impacts all body systems
38
Saturated and Trans fats
Function:
- fuel for energy
Food source - red meat, full-cream milk, margarine
Nutritional imbalance:
- overconsumption - increased cholesterol, hypertension -> CVD
39
Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated fats
Function:
- reduces cholesterol levels
required for development and maintenance of cell membranes
Food source - nuts, olive oil, fish
Nutritional imbalance:
- overconsumption - CDV
40
Protein
Function:
- builds, maintains and repairs body cells
- fuel for energy
Food sources - eggs, chicken, fish
Nutritional imbalance:
- overconsumption - stored as adipose tissue, weight gain, sleep apnoea
41
B - group vitamins (B1, B2, B3)
Function:
- metabolism
- converting fuels to energy
Food source - vegemite, eggs, fish
Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - lack of energy, slowed muscle and bone growth
42
Folate (vitamin B9)
Functions:
- role in DNS synthesis - required for cells to duplicate
- role in development of red blood cells
Food source - spinach, oranges, eggs
Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - anaemia
43
Vitamin B12
Function:
- formation of red blood cells
- ensures blood cells are correct size and shape for oxygen
Food source - meat, eggs, cheese
Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - anaemia
44
Vitamin D
Function:
- absorbs calcium from intestine into bloodstream
- cell growth and development
Food source - fish, cheese, egg yolk
Nutritional imbalance:
- underconsumption - low calcium absorbed - weak bones
45
Anxiety
uneasy emotions that may be brought on by an actual or perceived threat to the safety and wellbeing of the individual
46
Depression
extreme feeling of hopelessness, sadness, isolation, worry, withdrawal, and worthlessness that lasts for a prolonged period and interfere with normal activities
47
Direct costs of mental illness
costs associated with preventing the disease or condition and providing health and wellbeing services to people suffering from it. Direct costs include all those associated with developing and implementing health promotion strategies, diagnosis, management and treatment.
48
Indirect costs
costs not directly related to the diagnosis or treatment of the disease, but that occur as a result of the person having the disease
49
Intangible costs
costs which it's difficult to place a monetary value. they often involve emotions or feeling for both the individual and community
50
Stages of the lifestpan - Prenatal
starts at conception, ends at birth
- sperm meets egg
- takes 38 weeks
- development of organs
51
Stages of lifespan - infancy
starts at birth, ends at 2yrs old
- develop motor skills
- learn to walk
- develop language
52
Stages of the lifespan - Childhood
starts at 2yrs old, ends at puberty (12yrs)
- social skills develop
- refining reading and writing skills
- develop long-term memory
53
Stages of the lifespan - youth
starts at puberty (12yrs), ends at 18yrs old
- rapid growth (adolescent growth spurt)
- sexual maturity
-- increased independence
54
Stages of the lifespan - Early adulthood
starts at 18yrs old, ends at 40 yrs old
- physical peak c. 25-30
- career, marriage, kids become focus
- ^PIES change
55
Stages of the lifespan - middle adulthood
starts 40yrs old, ends 65 yrs old
- empty-nest syndrome (kids leave)
- development of identity
56
stages of the lifespan - late adulthood
starts 69yrs old, ends at death
- changes in lifestyle - financial security, retirement
- grief - friends dying
- reflection of life achievements
57
PIES
P - physical development
I - intellectual development
E - emotional development
S - Social development
58
Physical development
changes to the body and its systems. these can be changes in size, complexity and motor skills
- size - growth of bones, muscles, height
- complexity - changes to functioning of sex organs, bones hardening
- gross motor skills - large muscles (walking, running)
- fine motor skill - small muscles (writing, tie shoe laces)
59
Intellectual development
the increase in complexity of processes in the brain such as thoughts, knowledge and memory
- knowledge & memory
- language
- memory
- creativity & imagination
- thought patterns & problem solving
- attention span
60
Emotional development
relates to experiencing a full range of emotions and increasing comlexity relating to expression of emotions, the development of self-concept and resilience
- experiencing a full range of emotions
- expression and communication of emotions
- building resilience
- developing self-concept
61
Social development
the increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people
- behaviours
- social roles and expectations
- communication skills
- relationship skills
62
perceptions
beliefs or opinions based on how things seem
63
Generation gap
the difference in attitudes and opinions experienced by people of different generations
64
factors that influence perception
- past experiences with people in the stage
- values and beliefs
- media
- public figures
- own experiences of being in stage
- other people's opinions
65
Perceptions of youth
- positive, ambitious, harworking
- narcissistic, lazy, lack maturity
66
Perceptions of adulthood
- early adulthood - similar to youth, irresponsible
- middle adulthood - judgemental, lack of understanding, out of touch
- late adulthood - wise, experiences, backwards thinking
67
Types of relationships
- family
- professional
- friendships
- teachers, coaches, metors
- online
- intimate
68
Characteristics of a healthy relationship
- respect
- trust
- honesty
- loyalty
- empathy
- safety
- equality
69
Types of abuse in unhealthy relationships
- physical - hitting, kicking, punching, biting
- sexual - unwanted touching & sexual activity
- emotional - repeated insults, put-downs, social isolation
70
Authoritarian
a style of parenting that employs strict rules and punishment if rules are broken
71
Authoritative
a style of parenting that uses positive reinforcement of good behaviours and flexibility in interpretation or rules
72
Permissive
a style of parenting that is low in discipline and whereby parents see themselves more as friends than parents
73
Uninvolved
a parenting syle whereby parents show little interest in the their children's lives
74
Considerations when becoming a parent
- can a child's needs be met?
- can an environment that will promote optimal development be provided?
- are the changes that parenting will bring acceptable?
75
Can a child's needs be met
- Physical - food, safety, housing
- Social - socialisation
- Emotional - positive parenting
- Intellectual - communication
76
Can an environment that will promote optimal development be provided?
- provide opportunities for new experiences
- postivie parent-child relationship
- parents teach skills & behaviours
77
Are the changes that parenting will bring acceptable?
- change in diet for healthy pregnancy and healthy child
- make time for child
- financial priorities change
78
Social support for parents
Practical support: money, babysitters, meal prep, info, transport, help with chores
helps cope with stress, be more resilient
Babysitting - parent able to work, financial recources
79
Emotional support for parents
egs: sharing of experiences, encouragement, reassurance, sharing ideas & advice in non-judgemental way
able to provide for child, less stressed, make good decisions, model appropriate behaviour
Advice - see things more +vely - self esteem, resilience
80
Federal recourses
Medicare:
- provides free/subsided treatment through the public healthcare system
- good for earlu detection of issues
- free assistance with birthing procedure
- increases accessiblity to access antenatal care
81
State recourses
The Maternal and Child Health Service:
- free for Victorian children birth-school age
- maternity and child health centres
- do home visits for new parents
- help parenting, growth, development, promotion of h&w and safety, social support
82
Local recourses
Create strategies and programs for h&w of children (recreational facilities, immunisation programs, daycare)
- where can grow, be active, connected & healthy
- promotes lifelong healtyh
- supports h&w of families, friends & neighbours
83
Germinal stage
0-2 weeks, starts at fertilisation, ends at implantation
- sperm and ovum join together to produce a zygote
- after 4 days zygote develops into morula
- cells in the morula keep duplicating & blastocyst is created, forming an inner & outer cell mass
- outer cell mass becomes the placenta
- when reaches the uterus, blastocyst implants onto endometrium - become known as embryo
- inner cell mass becomes embryo
84
Conception/fertilisation
the fusing of a sperm and an egg cell. Marks the beginning of pregnancy
85
Zygote
the cell created when an ovum is fertilised by a sperm
86
Morula
a solid ball of cells created from a zygote
87
Blastocyst
thin-walled hollow structure consisting of a cluster of cells making up an outer cell mass that becomes the placenta, and an inner cell mass
88
Placenta
an organ that allows the transfer of nutrients, gases and waste between mother and foetus
89
Embryo
a cell mass from approximately the second to eighthe week after fertilisation
90
Endometrium
the nutrient-rich lining of the uterine wall in which the ovum (blastocyst) embeds or that is expelled every month if pregnancy does not occur
91
Implantation
when a cluster of cells that will become an embryo attatches itself to the endometrium
92
Embryonic stage
3-8 weeks, starts at implantation and ends at 8th week
- characterised by cell differentiation
- most critical for development
- internal organs & systems start to develop - organogenesis
- ^ circulatory, stomach, kidney, lungs
- brain & spinal cord complete by end
93
Cell differentiation
when cells take on specialised roles (heart cells, skin cells, bone cells)
94
Organogenesis
the formation of organs
95
Teratogen
anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause effects in development (e.g. tobacco smoke, alcohol)
- especially influential during embryonic stage
96
Foetal stage
9-38 weeks, starts at 9th week, ends at birth
- starts at 2g, ends at 3500g
- organs mature and function in early foetal stage
- by 14w placenta is fully developed & functional
- by 15w sex organs start taking shape
- lungs filled with amniotic fluid, not air
- 2nd half tooth buds form in gums
- senses become more sensitive
97
Amniotic fluid
the fluid surrounding the embryo/foetus that protects the unborn baby
98
Folate in pregnancy
- consumption beofre & during pregancy reduces risks of neural tube defects (CNS) - spina bifida most common
- walking difficulties
- reduces sensation in legs & feet
- deformities of spine
- urinary and faecall incontinence
99
Alcohol in pregnancy
can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome
- factial deformities
- learning difficulties
- risk of miscarriage
- premature birth risk
- undernourishment
- heart defects
100
Smoking in pregnancy
mixes with oxygen so baby doesn't get enough O2 and exposes foetus to toxins
- low birthweight
- miscarriage
- ectopic pregnancy
- prematurity
- complications of placenta
- birth defects
- respiratory conditions
101
Antenatal care
medical care given to pregnant women before their babies are born
- identify risk factors
- provide medical intervention
- monitor h&w of mum and baby
- ensure normal foetal dev
- reduces rate of premature birth
- decrease risk of birth defects
- diagnose & treat complications early
- provide counseling & reassurance
102
Physical development in infancy
Growth:
- 2nd fastest growth period
- height, brain size, build muscle, body proportions
Changes to systems:
- brain - nerve transmission
- teeth grow in
- bones fuse together
- sleep routine
Motor skills:
- reflexes
- crawling - 6months
- stand, walk - 1yr
- kick/throw large ball - 2yrs
103
Intellectual development in infancy
Knowledge & memory:
- uses senses to learn - mouth
- recognises name, respond when called
- word-object association improves
- every new experience - learning
Language:
- baby noises - 3months
- basic words - 1yr
- 150-300 words - 2yrs
Thought patterns & problem-solving:
- no object permanence - 6months
- new toy & activities help dev complex thought & problem solving
104
Emotional development in infancy
Experience range:
- emotional attachment to caregiver - safety, loved, build trust
- stranger anxiety - strongest b/w 9-18months
Proactive way to express emotions:
- anger, happiness - 8 months
- ^ tantrums later
- sensitive to approval - 1yr
Self-concept:
- realise that separate person from caregivers - 9months
- can sense how other feel about them
- self-confidence grows
105
Social development in infancy
Relationships:
- family
- dependent totally on family
- ^learn social skills
Communication:
- smile - 6w
- recognise expressions - 6months
Behaviours
- play
- separation anxiety - 8months
- mimic behaviours (waving)
106
Medicare
Australia's universal health insurance scheme, gives people access to healthcare that is subsided by the federal government
107
What does medicare cover?
- GP consultations
- tests and examinations to treat illnesses
- a limited no. of psych consultations, must be referred by GP & mental health plan
- all in hospital expenses - PUBLIC only
- 75% of schedule fee in private hospital
108
Medicare safety net
ensures that everyone who require frequent services covered by medicare, receive additional financial support
109
Patient co-payments
the payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government
110
Out-of-hospital expenses
costs for services such as doctors, specialists, tests and x-rays
111
In hospital expenses
costs for treatment and accomodation in a public hospital
112
Schedule fee
the amount that Medicare contributes towards certain consultations and treatments. The government decides what each item is worth and that's what medicare pays.
113
Bulk billing
when the doctor or specialist charges only the schedule fee. The payment is claimed directly from Medicare so there are no out-of-pocket expenses
114
What is not covered by Medicare?
- private hospital costs (other than schedule fee)
- most dental examinations/treatments (unless some 2-17yr olds)
- ambulance services
- home nursing care/treatment
115
Private health insurance
a type of insurance for which members pay a premium in return for payment towards health-related costs not covered by medicare
116
Advantages of Medicare
- reduced cost for essential medical services
- choice of doctor for out-of-hospital
- available to all aus citizens
- covers tests & examinations, doctors' & specialists' fees & some procedures
- medicare safety net
117
Disadvantages of Medicare
- no choice of doctor for in hospital
- waiting lists for many treatments
- doesn't cover alternative therapies or allied health
- often doesn't cover full amount for doctors
118
Medicare levy
2% tax for most Aus tax payers to fund medicare
119
Medicare levy surcharge
an additional 1-1.5% tax on high incomme earners who don't have private health insurance.
- increases as income increases.
- encourages people to take out private health insurance
120
Pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)
the aim is to provide essential medicine to people who need them, regardless of their ability to pay. Federal gov subsidises essential medicines, consumers make a co-payment.
121
PBS safety net
ensures that people who spend a large amount of money on PBS medications, receive additional financial support
122
Premium
the amount paid for insurance (a fee)
123
Advantages of private health insurance
- access to private hospital care
- choice of doctor in private/public hospital
- shorter waiting times for some procedures
- part/all services (dental, chiro, physio, optometry, dietetics) covered
- high income earners don't have to pay medicare levy surcharge
- gov rebate
- lifetime health cover
124
Disadvantages of private health insurance
- expensive premiums
- can be gap costs for patient
- qualifying periods for some conditions before can make claim
125
private health insurance incentives
- private health insurance rebate
- lifetime health cover
- medicare levy surcharge
- age based discount
126
Private health insurance rebate
- up to 30% rebate on premiums
- ^income tested
