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Health and Human Development Unit 1/2 > Topic 7 - 9 > Flashcards

Topic 7 - 9 Flashcards

7 - The human lifespan 8 - Healthy and respectful relationships 9 - Parenting and prenatal and early childhood development

1
Q

Stages of the lifespan - Prenatal

A

starts at conception, ends at birth
- sperm meets egg
- takes 38 weeks
- development of organs

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2
Q

Stages of lifespan - infancy

A

starts at birth, ends at 2yrs old
- develop motor skills
- learn to walk
- develop language

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3
Q

Stages of the lifespan - Childhood

A

starts at 2yrs old, ends at puberty (12yrs)
- social skills develop
- refining reading and writing skills
- develop long-term memory

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4
Q

Stages of the lifespan - youth

A

starts at puberty (12yrs), ends at 18yrs old
- rapid growth (adolescent growth spurt)
- sexual maturity
- increased independence

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5
Q

Stages of the lifespan - Early adulthood

A

starts at 18yrs old, ends at 40 yrs old
- physical peak c. 25-30
- career, marriage, kids become focus
- ^PIES change

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6
Q

Stages of the lifespan - middle adulthood

A

starts 40yrs old, ends 65 yrs old
- empty-nest syndrome (kids leave)
- development of identity

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7
Q

stages of the lifespan - late adulthood

A

starts 69yrs old, ends at death
- changes in lifestyle - financial security, retirement
- grief - friends dying
- reflection of life achievements

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8
Q

PIES

A

P - physical development
I - intellectual development
E - emotional development
S - Social development

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9
Q

Physical development

A

changes to the body and its systems. these can be changes in size, complexity and motor skills
- size - growth of bones, muscles, height
- complexity - changes to functioning of sex organs, bones hardening
- gross motor skills - large muscles (walking, running)
- fine motor skill - small muscles (writing, tie shoe laces)

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10
Q

Intellectual development

A

the increase in complexity of processes in the brain such as thoughts, knowledge and memory
- knowledge & memory
- language
- memory
- creativity & imagination
- thought patterns & problem solving
- attention span

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11
Q

Emotional development

A

relates to experiencing a full range of emotions and increasing comlexity relating to expression of emotions, the development of self-concept and resilience
- experiencing a full range of emotions
- expression and communication of emotions
- building resilience
- developing self-concept

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12
Q

Social development

A

the increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people
- behaviours
- social roles and expectations
- communication skills
- relationship skills

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13
Q

perceptions

A

beliefs or opinions based on how things seem

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14
Q

Generation gap

A

the difference in attitudes and opinions experienced by people of different generations

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15
Q

factors that influence perception

A
  • past experiences with people in the stage
  • values and beliefs
  • media
  • public figures
  • own experiences of being in stage
  • other people’s opinions
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16
Q

Perceptions of youth

A
  • positive, ambitious, harworking
  • narcissistic, lazy, lack maturity
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17
Q

Perceptions of adulthood

A
  • early adulthood - similar to youth, irresponsible
  • middle adulthood - judgemental, lack of understanding, out of touch
  • late adulthood - wise, experiences, backwards thinking
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18
Q

Types of relationships

A
  • family
  • professional
  • friendships
  • teachers, coaches, metors
  • online
  • intimate
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19
Q

Characteristics of a healthy relationship

A
  • respect
  • trust
  • honesty
  • loyalty
  • empathy
  • safety
  • equality
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20
Q

Types of abuse in unhealthy relationships

A
  • physical - hitting, kicking, punching, biting
  • sexual - unwanted touching & sexual activity
  • emotional - repeated insults, put-downs, social isolation
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21
Q

Authoritarian

A

a style of parenting that employs strict rules and punishment if rules are broken

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22
Q

Authoritative

A

a style of parenting that uses positive reinforcement of good behaviours and flexibility in interpretation of rules

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23
Q

Permissive

A

a style of parenting that is low in discipline and whereby parents see themselves more as friends than parents

24
Q

Uninvolved

A

a parenting syle whereby parents show little interest in the their children’s lives

25
Considerations when becoming a parent
- can a child's needs be met? - can an environment that will promote optimal development be provided? - are the changes that parenting will bring acceptable?
26
Can a child's needs be met
- Physical - food, safety, housing - Social - socialisation - Emotional - positive parenting - Intellectual - communication
27
Can an environment that will promote optimal development be provided?
- provide opportunities for new experiences - postivie parent-child relationship - parents teach skills & behaviours
28
Are the changes that parenting will bring acceptable?
- change in diet for healthy pregnancy and healthy child - make time for child - financial priorities change
29
Social support for parents
Practical support: money, babysitters, meal prep, info, transport, help with chores helps cope with stress, be more resilient Babysitting - parent able to work, financial recources
30
Emotional support for parents
egs: sharing of experiences, encouragement, reassurance, sharing ideas & advice in non-judgemental way able to provide for child, less stressed, make good decisions, model appropriate behaviour Advice - see things more +vely - self esteem, resilience
31
Federal recourses
Medicare: - provides free/subsided treatment through the public healthcare system - good for early detection of issues - free assistance with birthing procedure - increases accessiblity to access antenatal care
32
State recourses
The Maternal and Child Health Service: - free for Victorian children birth-school age - maternity and child health centres - do home visits for new parents - help parenting, growth, development, promotion of h&w and safety, social support
33
Local recourses
Create strategies and programs for h&w of children (recreational facilities, immunisation programs, daycare) - where can grow, be active, connected & healthy - promotes lifelong health - supports h&w of families, friends & neighbours
34
Germinal stage
0-2 weeks, starts at fertilisation, ends at implantation - sperm and ovum join together to produce a zygote - after 4 days zygote develops into morula - cells in the morula keep duplicating & blastocyst is created, forming an inner & outer cell mass - outer cell mass becomes the placenta - when reaches the uterus, blastocyst implants onto endometrium - become known as embryo - inner cell mass becomes embryo
35
Conception/fertilisation
the fusing of a sperm and an egg cell. Marks the beginning of pregnancy
36
Zygote
the cell created when an ovum is fertilised by a sperm
37
Morula
a solid ball of cells created from a zygote
38
Blastocyst
thin-walled hollow structure consisting of a cluster of cells making up an outer cell mass that becomes the placenta, and an inner cell mass
39
Placenta
an organ that allows the transfer of nutrients, gases and waste between mother and foetus
40
Embryo
a cell mass from approximately the second to eighth week after fertilisation
41
Endometrium
the nutrient-rich lining of the uterine wall in which the ovum (blastocyst) embeds or that is expelled every month if pregnancy does not occur
42
Implantation
when a cluster of cells that will become an embryo attatches itself to the endometrium
43
Embryonic stage
3-8 weeks, starts at implantation and ends at 8th week - characterised by cell differentiation - most critical for development - internal organs & systems start to develop - organogenesis - ^ circulatory, stomach, kidney, lungs - brain & spinal cord complete by end
44
Cell differentiation
when cells take on specialised roles (heart cells, skin cells, bone cells)
45
Organogenesis
the formation of organs
46
Teratogen
anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause effects in development (e.g. tobacco smoke, alcohol) - especially influential during embryonic stage
47
Foetal stage
9-38 weeks, starts at 9th week, ends at birth - starts at 2g, ends at 3500g - organs mature and function in early foetal stage - by 14w placenta is fully developed & functional - by 15w sex organs start taking shape - lungs filled with amniotic fluid, not air - 2nd half tooth buds form in gums - senses become more sensitive
48
Amniotic fluid
the fluid surrounding the embryo/foetus that protects the unborn baby
49
Folate in pregnancy
- consumption beofre & during pregancy reduces risks of neural tube defects (CNS) - spina bifida most common - walking difficulties - reduces sensation in legs & feet - deformities of spine - urinary and faecall incontinence
50
Alcohol in pregnancy
can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome - fatial deformities - learning difficulties - risk of miscarriage - premature birth risk - undernourishment - heart defects
51
Smoking in pregnancy
mixes with oxygen so baby doesn't get enough O2 and exposes foetus to toxins - low birthweight - miscarriage - ectopic pregnancy - prematurity - complications of placenta - birth defects - respiratory conditions
52
Antenatal care
medical care given to pregnant women before their babies are born - identify risk factors - provide medical intervention - monitor h&w of mum and baby - ensure normal foetal dev - reduces rate of premature birth - decrease risk of birth defects - diagnose & treat complications early - provide counseling & reassurance
53
Physical development in infancy
Growth: - 2nd fastest growth period - height, brain size, build muscle, body proportions Changes to systems: - brain - nerve transmission - teeth grow in - bones fuse together - sleep routine Motor skills: - reflexes - crawling - 6months - stand, walk - 1yr - kick/throw large ball - 2yrs
54
Intellectual development in infancy
Knowledge & memory: - uses senses to learn - mouth - recognises name, respond when called - word-object association improves - every new experience - learning Language: - baby noises - 3months - basic words - 1yr - 150-300 words - 2yrs Thought patterns & problem-solving: - no object permanence - 6months - new toy & activities help dev complex thought & problem solving
55
Emotional development in infancy
Experience range: - emotional attachment to caregiver - safety, loved, build trust - stranger anxiety - strongest b/w 9-18months Proactive way to express emotions: - anger, happiness - 8 months - ^ tantrums later - sensitive to approval - 1yr Self-concept: - realise that separate person from caregivers - 9months - can sense how other feel about them - self-confidence grows
56
Social development in infancy
Relationships: - family - dependent totally on family - ^learn social skills Communication: - smile - 6w - recognise expressions - 6months Behaviours - play - separation anxiety - 8months - mimic behaviours (waving)

Health and Human Development Unit 1/2 (7 decks)

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