Topic 7 - 9 Flashcards
7 - The human lifespan 8 - Healthy and respectful relationships 9 - Parenting and prenatal and early childhood development
Stages of the lifespan - Prenatal
starts at conception, ends at birth
- sperm meets egg
- takes 38 weeks
- development of organs
Stages of lifespan - infancy
starts at birth, ends at 2yrs old
- develop motor skills
- learn to walk
- develop language
Stages of the lifespan - Childhood
starts at 2yrs old, ends at puberty (12yrs)
- social skills develop
- refining reading and writing skills
- develop long-term memory
Stages of the lifespan - youth
starts at puberty (12yrs), ends at 18yrs old
- rapid growth (adolescent growth spurt)
- sexual maturity
- increased independence
Stages of the lifespan - Early adulthood
starts at 18yrs old, ends at 40 yrs old
- physical peak c. 25-30
- career, marriage, kids become focus
- ^PIES change
Stages of the lifespan - middle adulthood
starts 40yrs old, ends 65 yrs old
- empty-nest syndrome (kids leave)
- development of identity
stages of the lifespan - late adulthood
starts 69yrs old, ends at death
- changes in lifestyle - financial security, retirement
- grief - friends dying
- reflection of life achievements
PIES
P - physical development
I - intellectual development
E - emotional development
S - Social development
Physical development
changes to the body and its systems. these can be changes in size, complexity and motor skills
- size - growth of bones, muscles, height
- complexity - changes to functioning of sex organs, bones hardening
- gross motor skills - large muscles (walking, running)
- fine motor skill - small muscles (writing, tie shoe laces)
Intellectual development
the increase in complexity of processes in the brain such as thoughts, knowledge and memory
- knowledge & memory
- language
- memory
- creativity & imagination
- thought patterns & problem solving
- attention span
Emotional development
relates to experiencing a full range of emotions and increasing comlexity relating to expression of emotions, the development of self-concept and resilience
- experiencing a full range of emotions
- expression and communication of emotions
- building resilience
- developing self-concept
Social development
the increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people
- behaviours
- social roles and expectations
- communication skills
- relationship skills
perceptions
beliefs or opinions based on how things seem
Generation gap
the difference in attitudes and opinions experienced by people of different generations
factors that influence perception
- past experiences with people in the stage
- values and beliefs
- media
- public figures
- own experiences of being in stage
- other people’s opinions
Perceptions of youth
- positive, ambitious, harworking
- narcissistic, lazy, lack maturity
Perceptions of adulthood
- early adulthood - similar to youth, irresponsible
- middle adulthood - judgemental, lack of understanding, out of touch
- late adulthood - wise, experiences, backwards thinking
Types of relationships
- family
- professional
- friendships
- teachers, coaches, metors
- online
- intimate
Characteristics of a healthy relationship
- respect
- trust
- honesty
- loyalty
- empathy
- safety
- equality
Types of abuse in unhealthy relationships
- physical - hitting, kicking, punching, biting
- sexual - unwanted touching & sexual activity
- emotional - repeated insults, put-downs, social isolation
Authoritarian
a style of parenting that employs strict rules and punishment if rules are broken
Authoritative
a style of parenting that uses positive reinforcement of good behaviours and flexibility in interpretation of rules
Permissive
a style of parenting that is low in discipline and whereby parents see themselves more as friends than parents
Uninvolved
a parenting syle whereby parents show little interest in the their children’s lives
Considerations when becoming a parent
- can a child’s needs be met?
- can an environment that will promote optimal development be provided?
- are the changes that parenting will bring acceptable?
Can a child’s needs be met
- Physical - food, safety, housing
- Social - socialisation
- Emotional - positive parenting
- Intellectual - communication
Can an environment that will promote optimal development be provided?
- provide opportunities for new experiences
- postivie parent-child relationship
- parents teach skills & behaviours
Are the changes that parenting will bring acceptable?
- change in diet for healthy pregnancy and healthy child
- make time for child
- financial priorities change
Social support for parents
Practical support: money, babysitters, meal prep, info, transport, help with chores
helps cope with stress, be more resilient
Babysitting - parent able to work, financial recources
Emotional support for parents
egs: sharing of experiences, encouragement, reassurance, sharing ideas & advice in non-judgemental way
able to provide for child, less stressed, make good decisions, model appropriate behaviour
Advice - see things more +vely - self esteem, resilience
Federal recourses
Medicare:
- provides free/subsided treatment through the public healthcare system
- good for early detection of issues
- free assistance with birthing procedure
- increases accessiblity to access antenatal care
State recourses
The Maternal and Child Health Service:
- free for Victorian children birth-school age
- maternity and child health centres
- do home visits for new parents
- help parenting, growth, development, promotion of h&w and safety, social support
Local recourses
Create strategies and programs for h&w of children (recreational facilities, immunisation programs, daycare)
- where can grow, be active, connected & healthy
- promotes lifelong health
- supports h&w of families, friends & neighbours
Germinal stage
0-2 weeks, starts at fertilisation, ends at implantation
- sperm and ovum join together to produce a zygote
- after 4 days zygote develops into morula
- cells in the morula keep duplicating & blastocyst is created, forming an inner & outer cell mass
- outer cell mass becomes the placenta
- when reaches the uterus, blastocyst implants onto endometrium - become known as embryo
- inner cell mass becomes embryo
Conception/fertilisation
the fusing of a sperm and an egg cell. Marks the beginning of pregnancy
Zygote
the cell created when an ovum is fertilised by a sperm
Morula
a solid ball of cells created from a zygote
Blastocyst
thin-walled hollow structure consisting of a cluster of cells making up an outer cell mass that becomes the placenta, and an inner cell mass
Placenta
an organ that allows the transfer of nutrients, gases and waste between mother and foetus
Embryo
a cell mass from approximately the second to eighth week after fertilisation
Endometrium
the nutrient-rich lining of the uterine wall in which the ovum (blastocyst) embeds or that is expelled every month if pregnancy does not occur
Implantation
when a cluster of cells that will become an embryo attatches itself to the endometrium
Embryonic stage
3-8 weeks, starts at implantation and ends at 8th week
- characterised by cell differentiation
- most critical for development
- internal organs & systems start to develop - organogenesis
- ^ circulatory, stomach, kidney, lungs
- brain & spinal cord complete by end
Cell differentiation
when cells take on specialised roles (heart cells, skin cells, bone cells)
Organogenesis
the formation of organs
Teratogen
anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause effects in development (e.g. tobacco smoke, alcohol)
- especially influential during embryonic stage
Foetal stage
9-38 weeks, starts at 9th week, ends at birth
- starts at 2g, ends at 3500g
- organs mature and function in early foetal stage
- by 14w placenta is fully developed & functional
- by 15w sex organs start taking shape
- lungs filled with amniotic fluid, not air
- 2nd half tooth buds form in gums
- senses become more sensitive
Amniotic fluid
the fluid surrounding the embryo/foetus that protects the unborn baby
Folate in pregnancy
- consumption beofre & during pregancy reduces risks of neural tube defects (CNS) - spina bifida most common
- walking difficulties
- reduces sensation in legs & feet
- deformities of spine
- urinary and faecall incontinence
Alcohol in pregnancy
can lead to foetal alcohol syndrome
- fatial deformities
- learning difficulties
- risk of miscarriage
- premature birth risk
- undernourishment
- heart defects
Smoking in pregnancy
mixes with oxygen so baby doesn’t get enough O2 and exposes foetus to toxins
- low birthweight
- miscarriage
- ectopic pregnancy
- prematurity
- complications of placenta
- birth defects
- respiratory conditions
Antenatal care
medical care given to pregnant women before their babies are born
- identify risk factors
- provide medical intervention
- monitor h&w of mum and baby
- ensure normal foetal dev
- reduces rate of premature birth
- decrease risk of birth defects
- diagnose & treat complications early
- provide counseling & reassurance
Physical development in infancy
Growth:
- 2nd fastest growth period
- height, brain size, build muscle, body proportions
Changes to systems:
- brain - nerve transmission
- teeth grow in
- bones fuse together
- sleep routine
Motor skills:
- reflexes
- crawling - 6months
- stand, walk - 1yr
- kick/throw large ball - 2yrs
Intellectual development in infancy
Knowledge & memory:
- uses senses to learn - mouth
- recognises name, respond when called
- word-object association improves
- every new experience - learning
Language:
- baby noises - 3months
- basic words - 1yr
- 150-300 words - 2yrs
Thought patterns & problem-solving:
- no object permanence - 6months
- new toy & activities help dev complex thought & problem solving
Emotional development in infancy
Experience range:
- emotional attachment to caregiver - safety, loved, build trust
- stranger anxiety - strongest b/w 9-18months
Proactive way to express emotions:
- anger, happiness - 8 months
- ^ tantrums later
- sensitive to approval - 1yr
Self-concept:
- realise that separate person from caregivers - 9months
- can sense how other feel about them
- self-confidence grows
Social development in infancy
Relationships:
- family
- dependent totally on family
- ^learn social skills
Communication:
- smile - 6w
- recognise expressions - 6months
Behaviours
- play
- separation anxiety - 8months
- mimic behaviours (waving)
