unit 1 Flashcards
developmental milestones:
0-3 months can use crying and gurgling to communicate
18 months can say six to ten words
2 years can link words together
3 years can use simple sentences
8 years can reason and explain
self image
self esteem
the way an individual sees themselves
how a person feels about themselves
Piaget cognitive development 4 stages
sensorimotor (0-2 years) infants learn about the environment and develop schemas using senses
preoperational (2-7 years) children use symbolic behaviour and are egocentric
concrete operational (7-11 years) use logic to problem solve and make sense
formal operational (11-18 years) abstract thought, rational thought and problem solving
the 3 stages of play
0-2 years solo play
2-3 years parallel play - will play next to them but not with them
3 and over cooperative play - children will play together and share toys
maturation theory
Gesell determined typical norms of development that are still used today
he used advanced methodology in observations of behaviour of large numbers of children
all individuals have an inner ‘biological clock’ that determines rate of physical development will progress
Piaget 4 schemas
assimilation - child develops new theory
equilibrium - child’s experience fits with schema
disequilibrium - something disturbs the schema
accommodation - child’s understanding of the schema changes and adapts to match a new experience
maturation theory criticisms
he did not consider influence of the individual or cultural differences in children
he believed that the norms of development he described were desirable
social learning theory
reinforcement
bobo doll experiment
bandura’s theory - attention, retention, reproduction and motivation
positive intrinsic or extrinsic rewards - negative - vicarious
children copied violence towards bobo doll from adult if given positive reinforcement - shows that children copy behaviour of another
stress diathesis model
stress - nurture - environmental factors like traumatic events
diathesis - nature - biological factors or genetic predisposition
combination of these two can create psychological disorders
Holmes Rahe scale
43 life events identified
the more points on the scale that you have, the more likely you are to become ill
criticisms: people have daily stresses that are not accounted for
explain symptoms of menopause
hot flushes due to feelings of hot and cold in face neck and chest
difficulty sleeping due to night sweats
palpitations - heartbeats become more noticeable
