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Social 30 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Classical Liberalism

A
  • many ideas together, not just from one person
  • 18th c. Political liberalism
  • early 19 c. Economic liberalism
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2
Q

What is politically liberal

A

Limited government

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3
Q

What is economic liberal

A

Free market

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4
Q

Hobbes

A
  • Contract between Ruler and Subject
  • Civil Liberties
  • Secularism
  • Ruler must rule Absolutely
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5
Q

Locke

A
  • Natural Rights
  • Rule of law creates true freedom
  • Liberty ≠ Anarchy
  • Right to Rebel
  • Parliament over Monarch
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6
Q

Rousseau

A
  • People = Good
  • Society Corrupts
  • Individualism = Selfism
  • Social Contract leads to ʻGeneral Willʼ
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7
Q

Montesquieu

A
  • Accountability
  • 3 separations of government
  • Political knowledge important
  • Ideas of Democracy
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8
Q

Classical Liberalism

A
  • Mainly a political ideology
  • Individual freedom
  • Social, and greater political equality
  • Limited government (i.e. democracy)
  • Freedom of religion
  • Laissez-faire capitalism (Economic
    freedom)
  • Optimistic view of human nature
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9
Q

One of the famous classical liberalism thinker is

A

Locke

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10
Q

What did 19 c. Liberal want

A
  • Citizenship not a subject
  • Individual rights and liberty
  • Equality of Law
  • Increased Meritocracy
  • Right to remove unfit rulers
  • Middle class growth
  • Right to Dissent (异议)
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11
Q

19th Century Liberals fought against

A
  • Absolute government
  • Feudalism
  • Inherited rights
  • Lack of representation
  • Limited franchise
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12
Q

What are two early signs of liberalism

A

American revolution and French Revolution

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13
Q

Classical Conservatism

A
  • reaction to the rise of classical liberalism and nationalism
  • Support of tradition and the old ways (Ancient Regime)
  • Supported class hierarchy
  • Support for aristocracy and their privilege
  • Mercantilists
  • absolute monarchy
  • Protects people from themselves
  • Individualism leads to error, excess and
    self-serving
  • Support official religion or religious uniformity
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14
Q

Leading thinkers of classical conservatism

A

Metternich and Burke

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15
Q

Measures of England’s 18th Century Parliament to remain in power

A
  • Patronage
  • Awarding contracts
  • Infrequent elections
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16
Q

Industrial towns

A

No adjustment to seats with growth in population

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17
Q

Rotten Boroughs

A

Low population but representation

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18
Q

Corn Laws (1815)

A
  • Tariff put on imported grain
  • Prices too high for the working poor
  • Abuse of power by parliament as it sought profit over capitalist principles
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19
Q

Peterloo Massacre (1819)

A
  • Mass protest over corn laws and general terrible conditions for most people
  • Violently suppressed by govʼt
  • 15 people killed
  • 500-700 injured
  • Govʼt bans radical reform
    demonstrations
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20
Q

Holy Alliance (1815)

A
  • Prussia, Russia, Austria form an alliance to crush liberalism & nationalism in Europe
  • Set out to restrict movements centred around free press, universal suffrage, etc.
  • Success in both Spain and Sicily
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21
Q

Karlsbad Decrees (1819)

A
  • German states outlaw liberal organizations
  • Police universities and newspapers
  • Establish a spy network
  • Arrest reformers
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22
Q

Common People 19th Century

A

Industrial Life
● 12-16 hour shifts
● Unsafe conditions
● Lack of sanitation
● Massive pollution
● Unequal pay
● Children working

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23
Q

Reform Act of 1832

A

Parliament passed Reform Act to appease people and quell revolution

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24
Q

What was in the Reform Act?

A
  • Uniform Qualification to vote
    (12% of men could vote))
    ○ Based on property tax
    ● Restructuring of boroughs
    ○ Industrial towns gain more voice
    ○ This gave industrialists(liberals) more
    of a voice in the House of Commons
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25
Q

Revolution of 1830

A

Louis XVIII(Napoleonʼs successor)
dabbled in liberalism
◎ Charles X(r. 1824-1830), his brother did not
○ Firm monarchist
◎ July 30th, 1830
○ To suppress dissent he:
◉ Gets rid of constitution
◉ Strips voting rights from middle class
◉ Censors press

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26
Q

Causes of Revolution of 1848

A
  • Bad Harvests/Potato Famine
  • Unemployment/Stagnant wages
  • Ineffective adjustments by govʼt to new industrial reality
  • Technology/Education were leading to a greater spread of ideas
27
Q

Repeal of the Corn Laws (1846)

A
  • Liberals form anti-corn law league
    ○ Poor wanted cheaper food
    ○ Industrialists wanted to pay
    their workers less
    ○ Corn laws were only
    beneficial to the landholding
    elite
    ● PM Peel, repeals the Corn Laws
28
Q

Chartism (1838-1848)

A

Peopleʼs Charter
1. Annual Elections
2. Universal Suffrage (Men)
3. Secret Ballot
4. Equal Electoral Districts
5. Abolition of Property requirements for
MPs
6. Wage of MPs

29
Q

Importance of chartism

A

Created awareness for the working class
○ Politicians were in fear of an uprising
◎ Would lead to the Reform Acts ʻ67 and ʻ84
○ Centered around greater enfranchisement

30
Q

Principles of Collectivism

A

Economic Equality
◦ Co-operation
◦ Public Property
◦ Collective Interest
◦ Collective
Responsibility
◦ Adherence to
Collective Norms

31
Q

Types of Socialism

A

Utopian Socialism
◦ Marxism/Communism
◦ Democratic Socialism

32
Q

Growth of Socialism

A

◦ Largely came from the failures of laissez-faire capitalism/liberalism
◦ Extreme individualism left people behind
◦ Wanted less disparity
◦ Concern for the poor
◦ Thought private property was problematic
◦ Centred out of France

33
Q

Simon

A

Utopian Socialist

◦ Positivism
▫ Industrial development provides optimistic possibilities
▫ Society should be lead by ‘doers’
■ Scientists, engineers, industrialists,
etc.
▫ Stressed moralistic behavior

34
Q

Fourier

A

Utopian Socialist

Thought buying/selling goods led to unethical behavior
◦ Called for mathematical societies ‘phalanxes’
▫ 1620 people per society
▫ Property owned by community
▫ Mariage is a reflection of capitalism so preached free love and freedom for women
▫ Open to different sexualities

35
Q

Owen

A

Utopian Socialist
◦ Industrialist
◦ Set up society New Lanark in Scotland
▫ Social reform
▫ Child Education
■ No child under 10 worked
▫ Morality
▫ Industrial reform
◦ Became an inspiration for the unionism

36
Q

Marxism/Scientific Socialism

A

◦ Class struggle/Class consciousness
and warfare were essential
◦ Proletariat(working class) would
overthrow the Bourgeoisie(ruling
class)
◦ Creation of a classless society
◦ History determined by economic
forces(Materialism)
◦ Abolition of private property
◦ Typically Atheist

37
Q

Theory of Surplus Value

A

○ Capitalists control the surplus
○ Worker created the surplus
■ Why isn’t the worker given it back?
■ Can’t create surplus without labour
○ Worker always exploited in capitalism
■ Will always be paid less than is produced

38
Q

Marxist - Dialectic 辩证法

A

● Every thesis has an Antithesis
● This would help to form the synthesis
● Largely inspired by Hegel
● Marx believed that the conflict between Bourgeoisie and Proletariat would lead to a communist state (revolution)

39
Q

Marx’s Famous Writings

A

Communist Manifesto (1848) With Friedrich Engels
Das Kapital (1867)

40
Q

What is a Union?

A

● Represents the collective interest
of workers
● Bargain with employers in regard
to things like wages, benefits and
working conditions

41
Q

Trade Union Movement - England

A

Equality was only for some men in England
✢ Artisan and working class didn’t fully
buy into true capitalism
✢ Before they got the vote they used other ways to have their voice heard
○ Trade unionism became a way to
achieve this
✢ England - 1824 - Repeal of of
Combination Acts - Unions allowed

42
Q

Trade Union Movement - Germany

A

✢ Unions didn’t become popular
until early 1900’s
✢ 1890 - Bismarck’s anti-socialist
laws repealed
✢ 1895 - 270, 000 union members
✢ 1912 - 3 million union members

43
Q

Results from the Trade Union Movement

A

✢ Life for the working class and middle
class got better
✢ Had disposable incomes
✢ Time for leisure
✢ Development of sports leagues
✢ Tourism developed
○ Middle class would often try to
travel Europe’s capitals
✢ Due to the success of unions in
England, Socialism didn’t reach the
same popularity as continental Europe

44
Q

Characteristics of Democratic Socialism

A

✢ Moderate socialists
✢ Improve working conditions through
legislation not revolution
✢ Supported:
○ Minimum wage laws
○ Unions
○ Strikes
○ Workers rights
✢ Largely inspired the Labour party in
the UK

45
Q

Democratic Socialism - Context

A

✢ mostly moderate
○ Although it was often characterized by the extremist factions
✢ Depended on unions and political decision to make a difference
✢ Greater male suffrage and reform gave Democratic socialists hope for change
○ No revolution needed
○ Military service/Education lead to
patriots/nationalists
○ Didn’t want to revolt against the nation they loved
✢ Standard of living was much better for the working class

46
Q

Germany Social Democratic Party (SPD)

A

✢ Millions of followers
✢ Talked of revolution but
practiced reform
✢ Largest amount of seats in the
Reichstag won in 1912 (34%)
✢ May Day - May 1st
○ Annual day of strike
○ Show of Socialist solidarity

47
Q

Revisionism

A

✢ Effort by Marxists to revise his intentions towards revolution
✢ They believe with the improved state of the working class that evolution over revolution was preferred
✢ Make deals with the Bourgeoisie rather than overthrowing them

48
Q

Early Industrial Life of women

A

● Women were working before and during
early industrial times
● Went from skilled weaving and spinning to
unskilled factory work
○ Often single women and widows working
○ Domestic servant was a desirable job
○ Often pay would be poor/inequal
■ Some had to supplement income with
prostitution
● Once married they would more likely stay at home

49
Q

Property of women late 19 c.

A

● Once married all property was the man’s
○ No matter what class
○ Theft of a woman’s purse was stealing the husband’s property
○ Man and women were one, once married and a woman’s legal identity didn’t exist anymore
○ Inheritance was given to the eldest son
■ Sometimes women would obtain
personal property with inheritance
● 1882 - Britain passes ‘Married Women’s Property Act’
○ Created from women’s discontent
○ Women given their legal title
○ Women could own and control propert

50
Q

Family Law

A

● Legally had to give obedience to their
husband
● Divorce was difficult to get
○ Injury, cruelty, adultery would be grounds for divorce
■ Men less guilty of adultery than
females
○ Divorce too expensive for women
● Custody issues were up to the man
● Contraceptive and abortion were illega

51
Q

Women Education late 19c.

A

● Women were less educated than men
● Often only educated to be able to perform domestic tasks
● Mostly restricted from secondary and
postsecondary schools
● Late 19th century sees a select few
universities in England accepting females
○ 1878 - University of London
● Education would lead to traditional roles being thrown off
○ Who will take care of the kids?
● Elementary teacher is a role an educated women could receive
○ Law and Medicine were generally withheld from women

52
Q

Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793)

A

‘Declaration of the Rights of Women’
(1791)
● Wrote about the shortcomings of the
revolution in terms of both sexes
● Declaration of the Rights of Man did not
progress the female cause
● Killed during the reign of terror for treason

53
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

A

● ‘The Vindication of the Rights of Women’
(1792)
● Applied concepts of the revolution to
women rather than that of men
● Woman should be educated as they educate
their children
● There is value in the companionship they
provide
● Women are not mere property
● No statements made about her want for out
right equality

54
Q

John Stuart Mill(1806- 1873) and
Harriet Taylor(1804-1858)

A

● ‘The subjection of Women’ (1869)
● Liberalism should expose inferior state of women
● Both sexes deserved the right to vote
● Challenged that women were not less
intelligent or able than man
● Went against biological determinism
● Only half the population contributing to society was a hindrance to society

55
Q

Socialists Response to Inequality of women

A

● Capitalism was the reason why women
were subjected
● The rise of women at the time, was looked at as the rise of socialism

56
Q

Fawcett

A

Suffragists
● Led moderate National Union of Women’s Suffrage Society
● Believed that change could happen by the use of parliament
● 1908- over half a million women protested for the franchise(right to vote)

57
Q

Pankhurst

A

Suffragettes
● Lead a more radical brand of feminism
● Founded Women’s Social and Political
Union
● Lobbied publicly and privately for the right to vote
● 1910 - thought peaceful protest was going nowhere
● Started to use more violent tactics like
arson, breaking windows, sabotage
mailboxes
Working class women were not particularly involved as they weren’t politically active

58
Q

Results of the Women’s Suffrage Movement

A

● 1918 Women over 30 receive the right to vote(Men over 21)
○ Due to the role women played during the war, decision makers began to accept the contribution that women bring to society
● 1928 - Women and Men obtain equal
vote(in England)

59
Q

Utilitarianism

A

▪ J.S. Mill “On Liberty” (1859)
▪ Greatest good for the greatest amount of people
▪ When can gov’t intervene?
▫ Believed in the Harm Principle
▫ If it harms someone else the gov’t can
step in
▫ “The right to swing my arms in any
direction ends where your nose
begins.”
▪ Tyranny of the majority
▫ Major should concern itself with minority
▪ Ideas are only true if challenged

60
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Charles Darwin
▪ Challenged traditional understandings of the way earth was created
▪ Evolutionary biology would also reshape peoples perspectives
Social Darwinism
▪ Applied Darwin’s to that of society and races
▪ Economically it looked at those who were rich were more fit than those who weren’t (Thomas Malthus)
▪ Racially it was used to establish different races as superior to one another

61
Q

Realism

A

▪ Reaction to romanticism
▪ Depicted life as it was - focus on
reality
▪ Socially critical/commentary
▪ Mostly an art and literature based
movement
▪ Focused on topics such as:
▫ Working class
▫ Violence
▫ Alcoholism
▪ Centered out of France

62
Q

Anarchism

A

▪ Largely political ideology
▪ Promotes a stateless society
▪ The state is considered harmful
▪ Abolition of Gov’t
▪ Extreme optimism about human nature
▪ Could either be an extreme
individualist or a complete collectivist
▪ 19th century aligned with Marx, but
wanted no central state

63
Q

Postmodernism

A

▪ Progression from modernism
▪ High degrees of Skepticism towards society
▪ Deconstruction of societal norms
▪ Questioning of status-quo
▪ Current political structures are repressive
▪ Challenges realist or liberal notion

64
Q

Nationalism

A

▪ Common language, culture & history created sense of national identity
▪ Divisive & dangerous force in multi-ethnic empires
▫ Metternich opposed to self-determination
▫ Often went hand in hand with liberalism and radical republicanism
▪ German & Italian Unification fueled by Nationalism
▪ One motive for independence movements in Latin America, Greece, Belgium & Serbia

Social 30 (6 decks)

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