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AP Chemistry > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Protons=

A

positive
atomic number
in the nucleus

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2
Q

Electrons=

A

negative
atomic number

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3
Q

Neutrons=

A

neutral
in the nucleus

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4
Q

Atomic Mass

A

protons + neutrons

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5
Q

You go right on the periodic table

A

gets smaller, gain more electrons and protons so its a greater attraction force

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6
Q

You go down the periodic table

A

gets bigger, theres more electrons and protons BUT theres more orbits so it gets bigger

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7
Q

How many atoms of hydrogen are found in the sample of methane (2.71*10^23 particles CH4

A

1.08*10^24 atoms H

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8
Q

Isotopes

A

same number of protons as the normal element, but different number of neutrons. So they will have a different mass

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9
Q

Mass Spectrum

A

a graph that shows the different isotopes and how much is present

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10
Q

Relative abundance

A

tells us how common an isotope is in the sample.

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11
Q

Average atomic mass

A

(the relative abundance * mass) + (relative abundance * mass) + (relative abundance * mass)

ex- #85 has NA of 72.17% and mass of 84.912
#87 has NA of 27.83% and mass of 86.909 what is the third mystery element

hint make sure to move to decimal in the percentage (left)

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12
Q

One atom
ex- Mg

A

any
described as atom

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13
Q

More than one element (ionic)
ex- NaCl or Fe(NO3)2

A

Metal + Nonmetal
described as formula unit

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14
Q

More than one element (covalent)
ex- H2O or O2 or C6H12O6

A

Nonmetal +Nonmetal
described as molecule

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15
Q

Atom or group of atoms with a charge
ex- Pb2+ or SO4 2-

A

any
describes as ion

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16
Q

Compound

A

A substance compose of two or more elements united chemically in definite proportions.

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17
Q

Mixture

A

A combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity.

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18
Q

Law of Constant Composition

A

A law that states that the elemental composition of a pure compound is always the same, regardless of its source; also called the law of definite proportions.

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19
Q

Heterogeneous Mixture

A

A mixture which does not have the same composition, properties, and appearance throughout.

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20
Q

Homogeneous Mixture

A

A mixture which has uniform composition, properties, and appearance throughout.

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21
Q

Solution

A

A mixture of substances that has a uniform composition; a homogeneous mixture.

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22
Q

Kelvin Scale

A

The absolute temperature scale; the SI unit for temperature.

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23
Q

Density triangle formula

A

M
D V

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24
Q

Precision

A

The closeness of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity; the reproducibility of a measurement.

consistency, reliable results, reproducibility

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25
Q

Accuracy

A

A measure of how closely individual measurements agree with the correct value.

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26
Q

Sig Figs
1- 10082
2- 70,000
3- 0.0025
4- 50010.000
5- 0.0040030

A

1- 5 sig figs
2- 1 sig fig
3- 2 sig figs
4-8 sig figs
5- 5 sig figs

Only trailing zeros are important (if decimal)

27
Q

Empirical Formula

ex- 41.368% C, 8.101% H, 32.162%N, and 18.369% O

A

the simplest ratio of elements in a compound.
you need to divide each elements percentage by their atomic mass and then which ever is the smallest one, you take that and divide each answer by that. Then make the new formula

C3H7N2O

28
Q

Percent Composition

A

formula= (mass of that element) / (mass of compound) *100

then you can find empirical formula

29
Q

What is a mixture

A

combination of two or more pure substances (elements or compounds)

30
Q

what is stoichiometry

A

converting moles and masses

31
Q

mass percentage

A

(mass of substance / total mass of mixture) * 100

32
Q

what is elemental analysis

A

element mass/compund mass

33
Q

what are the two types of elemental analysis

A
  1. qualitative (identifying the different elements present)
  2. quantitative (identifying the amounts of elements present
34
Q

what is CHNX analysis

A

mathod to determine the mass fractions of C, H, N or sulfur in a compound

35
Q

combustion analysis

A

a technique where a sample is burned to convert its C, H, N, and sulfur into their respective oxides

36
Q

optical spectroscopy

A

technique that measures the absorption or transmission of light through a solution to determine its concentration

37
Q

mass spectroscopy

A

tequnique used to determine the charge to mass ratio of ions by ionizing a sample then passing them through a magnetic field which separates them based on mass and charg, then this detector measures number of ions and mass to ion ratio

38
Q

photoelectron spectroscopy

A

technique used to measure the energy requried to remove electrons from atoms to determine their electron configuration

39
Q

isotopes

A

variation of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
(same protons and electrons)

40
Q

How do you convert moles to number of particles and vise versa

A

Avogadros number
6.022*10^23

41
Q

Avogadros number

A

6.022*10^23

42
Q

How do you convert mass to moles and vise versa

A

atoms mass

43
Q

one atom
what is it made from?

A

ANY (nonmetal, metal, gas, liquid anything)

44
Q

One atom examples

A

Mg, O, Zn, Ne

45
Q

More than one element (ionic)

A

metal+nonmetal (s)

46
Q

NaCl, Fe(NO3)2

A

IONIC

47
Q

How do you describe ionic compounds

A

Formula unit

48
Q

More than one element (molecular)

A

nonmetal+nonmetal (s)

49
Q

H2O, C6H12O6,O2

A

MOLECULAR

50
Q

how do you describe molecular compounds

A

molecule

51
Q

atom or group of atoms with a charge is made from

A

any (nonmetal+metal, nonmetal+nonmetal, metal, nonmetal)

52
Q

How do you describe atom or group of atoms with a charge

A

Ion

53
Q

Energy level 1

A

s
2 electrons

54
Q

Energy level 2

A

sp
8 electrons

55
Q

Energy level 3

A

spd
18 electrons

56
Q

Energy level 4

A

spdf
31 electrons

57
Q

Coulombs law

A

higher charges and smaller distance= more attraction

58
Q

Aufbau principle

A

means to “build up” electrons are added to the lowest subshells first and build up

59
Q

Hund’s rule

A

each subshell should have one electron before any are doubled up (dont share space unless they have to)

60
Q

Pauli Exclusion Principle

A

no two electrons can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers

61
Q

what does a photoelectron spectroscopy do

A

shows the electron configuration

62
Q

octet exceptions

A

Be, B, N, O

63
Q

ionic compounds are held together by??

A

an electrostatic force

64
Q

will 2 metals bond?

A

nope

AP Chemistry (9 decks)

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