Unit 1 Flashcards
What is Organic Chemistry?
Science related to carbon-containing molecules (Can also include H, O, N, and Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I))
What is the Octet rule?
The rule is that all atoms want to have a full valance shell
What is the formula to figure out formal charges?
Total # of valance electrons - (# of non bonding electrons + # of bonds)
What are the ways (for atoms) to get a positive charge?
- Lose electrons
- When an atom has an extra bond when compared to its neutral state it will be positively charged
What are the ways (for atoms) to get a negative charge?
- Gain electrons
- When an atom has one less bond when compared to its neutral state it will be negative
What are the exceptions to the octet rule?
Boron (B) and Aluminum (Al)
What is electronegativity?
The tendency of an atom to grab an electron
What is the relationship between Atomic #, Size, and Electronegativity?
As atomic # rises so does electronegativity, and as size increases electronegativity decreases. The top right is the most electronegative.
What is a covalent bond?
It’s a bond between two nonmetals in which they share the electrons.
What’s the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?
Non-polar bonds do not have poles, whereas polar covalent bonds do have poles due to differences in electronegativity
What is a dipole moment?
It shows polarity using the formula (sum of charges x distance)
What are popular Nonpolar covalent bonds?
H-H, C-H, C-C
What are the electronegativity differences between the different type of bonds?
<.5 Nonpolar covalent bonds
.5<X<1.9 Polar Covalent bonds
>1.9 Ionic bonds
What could you compare the behavior of atomic-orbitals to?
Waves
What do two s orbitals combine to form?
They form 2 sigma orbitals (Sigma bonding orbital (Lower energy) and Sigma anti bonding orbital (Higher energy))
What does the parallel overlapping of two p orbitals create?
Pi orbitals (Double bonds) which also have a bonding (lower energy) and anti bonding (higher energy) molecular orbital
How is an sp orbital made?
How is an sp2 orbital made?
How is an sp3 orbital made?
Sp refers to an s orbital that combines with how every many p orbitals come together.
How do you know which version of sp hybridization belongs to a specific atom?
Double bonds and Triple bonds cause pi bonds. When there are no pi bonds it is sp3 when there is one pi bond it is sp2 and when there is 2 pi bonds it is sp.
What is a resonant structure?
It’s the same molecule with the electrons distributed differently.
What does the curved arrow of a resonance structure show?
It shows the movement of electrons from the electron source to the electron sink
