Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

honors chemistry > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

whats the 1st law of thermodynamics (law of conservation of mass)

A

matter, energy or charge cannot be created or destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

whats a pure substance

A

something that has the same composition and properties throughout (elements and compounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

whats a element

A

substances composed of all the same atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

whats a compound

A

contains two or more different elements chemically combined in fixed proportions, and can be broken down by a chemical change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

whats a mixture

A

a combination of two or more pure substances that can be separated by physical means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

whats a homogenous mixture

A

a mixture in which different substances are blended evenly throughout (ex. glass cleaner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

whats a heterogenous mixture

A

a mixture in which different materials are easily distinguishable (ex. pizza)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

whats filtration

A

seperation of a heterogenous mixture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

whats crystallization

A

separation by different freezing points or vapor pressure (evaporation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

whats disilliation

A

separation based on different boiling points; different from evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

whats chromatography

A

separation based on substances affinity for a medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

whats accuracy in chemistry

A

how close the measurement is to the actual value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

whats precision

A

how reproducible the measurements are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

whats % error

A

((measured - accepted)/accepted) x 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the two different types of energies

A

potential energy and kinetic energyw

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is potential energy

A

stored energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are some forms of energy

A

heat, light, electricity, chemical, nuclear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

whats the law of conservation of energy

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is heat not and what is it actually

A

heat is not temperature, it is the energy itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is temperature

A

the amount of heat a material has

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the equation to find heat energy

A

q = MCΔT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is temperature a measure of

A

average kinetic energy of a material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the celsius scale based on

A

the freezing point (0c) and boiling point (100c) of water. zero degrees celsius doesnt mean zero average kinetic energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the kelvin scale

A

0K = the absolute 0, where all kinetic energy has ceased.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

whats the formula to convert C to K

A

K = C + 273

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

whats specific heat

A

its a physical property of matter, and is how a material response to the addition or loss of heat, in joules per gram Celsius

its the amount of heat energy that is required to raise 1g of a substance by 1c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is freezing and what is the nature of it

A

liquid to solid, exothermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is melting and what is the nature of it

A

solid to liquid, endothermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is condensation and what is the nature of it

A

gas to liquid, exothermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is vaporization and what is the nature of it

A

liquid to gas, endothermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is sublimation, and what is the nature of it

A

solid to gas, skipping the liquid intermediate phase. it is endothermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is deposition, and what is the nature of it

A

gas to solid, skipping the liquid intermediate phase. it is exothermic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the heat of fusion (Hf)

A

the amount of heat energy (in J) required for a material to change from solid to liquid (melting).

its equal to the temperature of where it starts to flatline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is the heat of vaporization (Hv)

A

the amount of heat energy (in J) required for a material to change from liquid to gas (boiling).

its equal to the temperature of where it starts to flatline.

36
Q

what phases is the material at the heat of fusions

A

solid and liquid

37
Q

what phase is the material at the heat of vaporization

A

liquid and gas

38
Q

what is the added heat energy being used for in a slanted part of a heat graph

A

to increase the average kinetic energy

39
Q

what is the added heat energy being used for in a flat part of a heat graph

A

to break the bonds of a substance, and change phases. average kinetic energy stays the same.

40
Q

whats an exothermic reaction

A

when energy is released, in phase changes such as freezing and condensation

41
Q

whats an endothermic reaction

A

when energy is absorbed, in phase changes such as melting and boiling

42
Q

what does a catalyst do

A

speeds up the reaction without being used up or changed

43
Q

what is chemical energy

A

chemical energy is stored potential energy in a chemical bond, which hold compounds together.

44
Q

what happens when bonds are broken and new bonds are formed

A

the amount of energy that is stored changes

45
Q

what happens if there is a change in y value

A

change in average kinetic energy

46
Q

what happens if there is no change in y value

A

change in potential energy

47
Q

whats enthalpy (heat of reaction)

A

the amount of heat energy absorbed or released during a chemical change. known as ΔH (heat of products - heat of reactants)

48
Q

how to identify a a exothermic reaction and what does the ΔH look like

A

if the products have less energy then the reactants. the extra energy is released into the surroundings.

The ΔH would be negative

49
Q

how to identify a endothermic reaction and what does the ΔH look like

A

if the products have more energy then the reactants. the extra energy is absorbed from surroundings.

The ΔH would be positive

50
Q

what is the potential energy in a exothermic reaction for the reactants and products

A

reactant potential energy is higher then the potential energy of the products

51
Q

what is the potential energy in a endothermic reaction for the reactants and products

A

reactant potential energy is lower then the potential energy of the products

52
Q

what is activation energy (Ea)

A

the energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

53
Q

what does the activation energy (Ea) ensure?

A

it ensures that when molecules collide, they have enough energy for a effective collision (for them to react and become products)

54
Q

how does Ea change with a catalyst

A

it decreases

55
Q

how does catalyst effect ΔH

A

it doesn’t

56
Q

what is an example of a catalyst

A

an enzyme

57
Q

what’s kinetic molecular theory

A

KMT for an ideal gas states that:
1. they are in random, constant, straight-line motion

  1. they are separated by great distances relative to their size (but the gas particles themselves have negligible volume)
  2. they have neither attractive nor repelling forces between them
  3. have collisions that may result in a transfer of energy between gas particles, but the total energy of the system remains constant.
  4. the collisions are perfectly elastic
58
Q

whats ideal gas concept

A

model to explain the behavior of gases. gases are closest to behaving as an ideal gas at low pressures and high temperatures

59
Q

what happens when molecules collide

A

they can bounce apart or react to form something new

60
Q

whats collision theory

A

if particles collide with the proper energy and orientation, a chemical reaction (change) can occur

61
Q

what does kinetic molecular theory describe

A

the relationship of pressure, volume, temperature, velocity, frequency and force of collision among gas molecules

62
Q

whats pressure

A

a forced exerted on a specific area (force divided by area)

63
Q

how do gases exert pressure

A

by colliding with other gas molecules or their container. if there is no collisions, there is no pressure, and this is known as a vacumn

64
Q

what is the kinetic-molecular view of gas pressure

A

gas pressure comes from the force of molecular collisions
anything that increases the # of collisions will increase the pressure

65
Q

what are all the units for pressure

A

pascals (pa) at sea level: 101.3 kPa
mmHg (millimeter of mercury) at sea level: 760 mmHg
Torr (torr) at sea level: 760 Torr
atmospheres (atm) at sea level: 1 atm

66
Q

what is vapor pressure

A

pressure of vaporizing liquid exerted by liquid

67
Q

how does boiling occur in terms of vapor pressure

A

atmospheric pressure pushes down on the liquid, keeping the molecules in the liquid

if VP = atmospheric pressure, liquid molecules can escape out of the liquid and boiling will occur

68
Q

what happens if you increase temperature

A

there will be an increase in energy, which will allow for boiling

69
Q

what happens if you increase elevation

A

atmospheric pressure will decrease, therefore allowing for less energy to be needed to trigger boiling.

70
Q

what happens to boiling point if you increase vapor pressure (VP)

A

boiling point decreases

71
Q

what happens to ΔT as VP increases

A

ΔT increases

72
Q

what happens to ΔT as BP increases

A

ΔT decreases

73
Q

whats volume

A

the amount of space a gas occupiesw

74
Q

whats velocity

A

how fast the particles are moving (speed)

75
Q

what does increasing temperature do in terms of velocity

A

it increases the velocity of the particles

76
Q

what does increasing weight do in terms of velocity

A

it decreases the velocity

77
Q

whats STEVEN

A

same temp = equal volume, equal # of particles

78
Q

whats avogadro hypothesis

A

STEVEN

equal volumes of gas at the same temperature and pressure contain and equal number of particles (STEVEN)

79
Q

whats boyle’s law

A

the pressure will increase as volume decreases if temperature is constant (ex. a piston)
P1V1 = P2V2

80
Q

whats charles’s law

A

the volume will increase as temperature increases if the pressure is constant (ex. a hot air balloon)

V1/T1 = V2/T2

81
Q

why does charles law happen

A

it happens because the container must get bigger for the pressure to stay the same. increase in temp = increase in collisions with container wall

if the walls are flexible, they’ll get pushed back, and the gas expands

82
Q

whats the combined gas law formula

A

(P1)(V1)/T1 = (P2)(V2)/T2

83
Q

whats the combined gas law

A

when there is a change in temperature and pressure. this doesn’t match

84
Q

what is the standard temperature

A

0c or 273K

85
Q

what is the standard pressure

A

1atm/101.3kPa/760torr/760mmHg

86
Q

how do you seperate a homogeneous solution

A

distillation, chromatography, crystillization

honors chemistry (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions