Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Pre embryonic stage
A
First two weeks
2
Q
Embryo
A
3 to 8 weeks
3
Q
Fetus
A
9 weeks to the end of pregnancy
4
Q
Gastrulation
A
Third week. Two layers differentiate into ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm.
5
Q
Ectoderm
A
Epidermis, eyes, nervous system
6
Q
Mesoderm
A
Notochord, muscular, skeletal system, circulatory system
7
Q
Endoderm
A
Lining of organs, liver and pancreas
8
Q
Dermatomyotomes
A
Mesoderm differentiate into 44 pairs of somites
9
Q
Somites
A
Ventral side: ribs and vertebrae
Dorsal side: dermis and segmental innervation
10
Q
Myotomes
A
He used to make skeletal muscle and segmented innervation
11
Q
Upper limb growth fourth week location
A
Form from C5 to T1.
12
Q
Lower limb growth at 7 weeks
A
Form from L2 to s2. Flexures develop, big toe points upward
13
Q
Limb development at seven weeks
A
Limbs rotate 90°, but in opposite directions
14
Q
Digit abnormalities
A
Syndactyly: fused
Adactyly: missing
Ectrodactyly: missing middle digits
15
Q
Limb abnormalities
A
Amelia: missing, limb
Meromelia: partial absence
Phocomelia: shortened lower extremities
Radial longitudinal deficiency: missing, or malformed radius
16
Q
Neural tube
A
Fourth week. mesoderm becomes notochord, ectoderm folds to become epidermidis. Neural plate folds to become neural tube (spinal cord).
17
Q
Spina bifida
A
Two sides of vertebrae failed to fuse, due to folic acid deficiency.
Oculta: bump, asymptomatic
Meningocele: contain cerebral spinal fluid
Myelomeningocele: spinal cord
18
Q
Bony landmarks of the vertebrae
A
Body,pedicle, transverse process, pars Interarticularis, lamina, spinous process, inferior, facet, superior, facet, vertebral foramen
19
Q
Ipsilateral
A
Same side
20
Q
Contralateral
A
Opposite side
21
Q
Supination
A
Hand: palm up
Foot: lift medially
22
Q
Adduction and abduction of hand
A
Spreading of fingers
23
Q
Lateral and medial adduction and abduction
A
Movement of middle finger
24
Q
Thumb abduction and adduction
A
Some away from palm and back
25
Thumb extension and flexion
Thumb out, thumb across
26
Vertebral sections
Cervical: secondary, seven
Thoracic: primary, 12
Lumbar: secondary, five
Sacral: primary, five
Coccyx: four
27
Atlas: C1
Forms atlanto occipital joint (OA). Yes, action lax spinous process.
28
Axis: C2
Forms atlantoaxial joint (AA). No action possesses. “dens”
29
Cervical vertebrae
Seven, bifid spinous process, flat facet joints.
30
Thoracic vertebrae
12. Long spinous process, stop sign, facet joints
31
Lumbar vertebrae
Five. Short stubby, spinous process
32
Intervertebral discs
Outer: annulus fibrous
Inner: nucleus pulposus
33
Spondylosis
Degeneration of the spine
34
Spondylolysis
Fracture of pars interarticularis
35
Spondylolisthesis
Separation of the fracture
36
Extrinsic muscles
Surface, innervated by ventral rami, moves upper extremities
37
Intrinsic muscles
Deep, innervated by dorsal rami, move vertebral column
38
Synovial joints
Capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid. Freely, movable, and reinforced by ligaments.
39
Radial and ulnar deviation
Waving goodbye
40
Tibial, internal and external rotation
Knee bent, turning tibia
41
Six types of synovial joints
Plane joints.
Hinge joints
Saddle joints
Condyloid joint
Ball and socket joints
Pivot joint
42
Plane joints
Gliding and sliding on flat surfaces. Acromioclavicular joint.
43
Hinge joints
Flexion and extension only. Movement In one plane. Contain collateral ligaments on either side. Elbow and knee joints.
44
Saddle joints
Ab and adduction and flexion and extension. Movement in two planes. Carpometacarpal joint.
45
Condyloid joint
AB and adduction and flexion and extension. Movement into plans with one plain freer than the other. Metacarpophalangeal joint.
46
Ball and socket joint
Multiple axes of movement. Hip joint.
47
Pivot joint
Rotation around a central axis. Atlantoaxial joint.
48
Fibrous joints
Made a fibrous tissue, partially movable, used for proprioception
49
Cartilaginous joints
Hyaline or fibrocartilage. Slightly movable. Strength and shock absorption.
50
Cauda equina
Horse tail and spinal cord
51
Cervical spinal nerves number
Eight
52
Coccyx spinal nerve number
One
53
Shoulder abduction, myotomes patterns
C5
54
Shoulder adduction, myotomes patterns
C6, C7, C8
55
Elbow flexion, myotomes patterns
C-5, C6
56
Elbow extension, myotomes patterns
C6, C7
57
Wrist flexion and extension, myotomes patterns
C6, C7
58
Wrist, supination, myotomes patterns
C6
59
Wrist pronation, myotomes patterns
C7, C8
60
Digital flexion and extension myotome
C7. C8
61
Finger adduction and abduction and finger lateral and medial abduction and adduction myotome patterns
T1
62
C4 Dermatome landmarks
Shoulders
63
C6 Dermatome landmarks
Thumb
64
C7 Dermatome landmarks
Middle finger
65
C8 Dermatome landmarks
Pinky
66
T2 Dermatome landmarks
axillary
67
T4 Dermatome landmarks
Nipples
68
T10 Dermatome landmarks
Belly button
69
L4 Dermatome landmarks
Inner ankle
70
L5 Dermatome landmarks
Outer calf, and first three toes
71
S1 Dermatome landmarks
-heel
-Ankle and last two toes
72
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Runs anteriorly to vertebral body
73
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Runs posteriorly to vertebral body. In spinal column.
74
Ligamentous flava
Provide stability to facet joints. When hypertrophy occurs can cause spinal stenosis.
75
Muscles that elevate the scapula
Levator scapula, upper trapezius
76
Muscles that depress the scapula
Lower trapezius, latissimus dorsi
77
Muscles that protract the scapula
Pectoralis,
major, and minor
Serratus anterior
78
Muscles that retract the scapula
rhomboid major in minor
79
Muscles that downwardly rotate the scapula
Levator scapula, rhomboid, major, and minor
80
Muscles that upwardly rotate the scapula
Upper and lower trapezius and serratus anterior
81
Interspinous ligament
Runs through bifid of spinal processes in the cervical region
82
Nerves of posterior cervical region
1. Suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of C1)
2. Greater occipital nerves (posterior ramus of C2).
3. Lesser occipital nerve (anterior Rami of C2 and C3.).
4. Posterior rami nerves, C3 to C7 (posterior rami spinal nerves)
83
Suboccipital nerve
Posterior ramus of C1, runs between cranium and C1 to reach suboccipital’s
84
Greater occipital nerve
Posterior a mass of C2, inferior to oblique capitus, inferior and posterior to scalp, innervates skin on neck and occipital bone
85
Lesser occipital nerve
Anterior rami of C2 to C3, passes directly to skin, innervates skin on neck and scalp behind ear
86
Posterior rami nerves, C3 to C7
Goes to muscles and skin, innervates, intrinsic muscles of back and skin
87
Order of back muscles from superior to deep
Trapezius, splenius capitus, splenius cervicis, erector spinae, semispinalis capitis, multifidus, rotatores
88
4 muscles that attach to Mastoid process
Sternocleidomastoid, digastric posterior belly, longissimus capitis, splenius capitis
89
True and false pelvis
False pelvis: wings of iliac crest
True pelvis: pelvic symphysis
90
Innervation of pelvic floor
Pudental nerves S2 to S4 for keeps the poop off the floor
91
Which muscles form the back and side walls of the pelvic floor
piriformis and obturator internus
92
Most mobile joint of the pelvis
Sacrococcygeal joint, 25° of movement
93
Pelvic inlet and outlet
Inlet: S1
Outlet: coccyx
94
Three layers of the pelvic floor
1. Urogenital triangle.
2. Deep, urogenital muscles.
3. Levator ani and coccygeus.
95
Urogenital triangle of the pelvic floor
1. Bulbospongiosus (ballet)
2. Ischiocavernosus. (Triangle.)
3. Superficial transversed, peroneal muscle (side to side).
96
Deep, urogenital muscles
1. External urethral sphincter.
2. Deep transverse peroneal.
3. Compressor urethrae
97
Levator ani and coccygeus
1. Levator Ani: puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus
2. Coccygeus.
3. obturator internis
4. Piriformis.
98
Supraspinous ligament
Runs along the posterior edge of the nuchal ligament
99
Common carotid
Splits into two at C3 to C4 level. Carotid sinus, contains baroreceptors for pressure and turns into the internal carotid artery.
Carotid body with chemoreceptors for chemicals and turns into the external carotid artery.
100
Important arteries of the lateral neck
Common carotid, vertebral artery, subclavian artery, brachiocephalic trunk, end of aorta
101
Veins in the lateral neck
External jugular vein
102
Nerves in the neck
Spinal accessory nerve, suprascapular nerve, phrenic nerve, brachial plexus, recurrent laryngeal nerve, vagus nerve
103
Anterior Rami
C1 through C5, forms roots of cervical plexus
104
Ansa cervicalis
Loop of nerves
105
Rule of threes, four thoracic vertebrae
1. T1 to T3: SP in the same plane as body. TP in the same plane as body.
2. T4 to T6: SP even with inferior disc. TP half an inch superiorly.
3. T7toT9: SP far down from body. TP an inch superiorly.
4. T 10 to T 12: SP in the same plane as body. TP in the same plane as body.
106
Three openings of diaphragm
Four inferior vena cava, esophagus, aorta
