Unit 1 Flashcards
In your own words, what is nutrition?
the study of the ingredients and nutrients that make up food
Nutrients that an animal needs to eat that it cannot make enough of by itself
essential nutrients
Nutrients that the animal can make in their body from the food they take in
nonessential nutrients
Other than water, what is the most critical part of the diet?
energy
T or F:
In general (without human intervention messing with their diets), most animals can naturally regulate how much energy that need & take in.
True
Most diets show the number of kcal based on what type of energy?
Metabolizable Energy
What are 2 things that animals use water for on a daily basis (in their bodies)?
temperature regulation
flushing toxins from the body through the kidneys
Which companion animal species has a harder time maintaining their own water balance?
cats
Give an example of a monosaccharide.
glucose
What is the most important type of fat in the diet of companion animals (dogs & cats)? It is also used to store energy.
triglycerides
Other than to store energy, what is one function of fats in the diet?
forms a protective layer on the skin to keep moisture in and keep invaders out
All proteins contain what specific element?
nitrogen
What are 2 functions of proteins in the body?
carry substances through out the body
muscle formation - actin and myosin
Describe in your own words the difference between high quality & low quality proteins.
high quality proteins - easily digestible, contains all of the essential amino acids
low quality proteins - not easily digestible, does not contain all of the essential amino acids
What type of protein source do we often compare all other to due to this one being high quality?
eggs
fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
water soluble vitamins
B, C
In this type of vitamin, the vitamin is stored in the liver over time & slowly results in toxicity.
fat soluble
We lose a lot of this type of vitamin in our urine.
water soluble
This turtle likely needs more of which vitamin?
Vitamin A
When an animal has ingested rodenticide, what type of vitamin do we usually administer?
vitamin K
Pirates with scurvy need more of what vitamin?
vitamin C
T or F:
The levels & activities of some minerals often depend on levels of other minerals in the diet or body.
true
When there is too much phosphorus in a diet, what happens to the level of calcium in the body?
phosphorus binds to calcium so lower amounts of calcium are absorbed
Other than making up bone, what is one role of calcium in the body?
allows for muscles to contract - including the cardiac muscles
which hormone acts when there is low blood calcium
PTH
which hormone acts when there is normal or high blood calcium
calcitonin
T or F:
Cereal grain husks are high in phosphorus that the body can easily use.
False
Which mineral is included in the hemoglobin molecule?
iron
Which mineral is needed to make thyroid hormone?
iodine
T or F:
Proteins are always being broken down & re-built, & proteins are always needed in the diet.
true
What type of dietary fiber retains water & doesn’t form a viscous solution with water in the GI tract, resulting in an increased fecal mass & quicker GI transit time?
insoluble fiber
What fat-soluble vitamin is an important antioxidant?
vitamin E
When we break down a food into the number of calories it contains, how are they calculated/measured?
Heat Energy
The energy needed by the body to actually chew, digest, absorb, & assimilate nutrients from the diet is called what?
dietary thermogenesis
The level of nutrients per 1,000 kcal of ME in a food is known as what?
nutrient density
If an animal has a decreased energy intake compared to its daily energy requirement, this results in what?
reduced growth rate
How much body water can an animal lose before it faces death?
10%
What disaccharide is found in milk. Glucose & galactose come together to form this molecule.
lactose
What type of potential energy source provides the most concentrated & easily digestible form of energy compared to all other nutrients?
fats
What compound is produced by the combination of retinal & opsin in the eye & allows the eye to be less sensitive to changes in light?
rhodopsin
Carotenoids are precursors to Vitamin A made by plant cells. What color are the plants that provide a lot of vitamin A (because they have a lot of carotenoids in them)?
yellowish orange
Minerals that occur in appreciable amounts in the body are known as what?
macrominerals
What compound is found in cereal grain husks & contains a lot of phosphorus that unfortunately the body cannot use?
phytate
A deficiency in which B can result in an inability to make adequate DNA.
B9 - folic acid
The amount of metabolizable energy (ME) in a food depends on which two things
make up of food (components)
animal species metabolizing the food
What 2 minerals combine to form hydroxyapatite commonly found in bone?
phosphorus
calcium
T or F:
The GI microbiome only involves bacteria.
false
Where does fermentation of fiber (and pre/pro-biotics) occur?
colon
What is dysbiosis?
imbalance or disturbance of normal microbiome
“Fertilize” the good bugs & help them grow. Soluble fibers.
prebiotics
Live “good” microorganisms.
probiotics
A product with pre & probiotics in it
synbiotics
