Unit 1 Flashcards
What is Metabolism
the sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell
What are the two main metabolic changes
Making molecules bigger and smaller
What is anabolism
the assembly of molecules to create larger molecules
what is catabolism
disassembly of large molecules into smaller molecules
what is entropy
the measure of randomness or disorder and energy
what does high entropy mean, what does low entropy mean
high entropy- high disorder- low energy
low entropy- low disorder- high energy
does the universe like disorder or order and why
universe likes disorder because it takes less energy (easy to make a room messy but harder to clean it all up afterwards)
endergenic vs exergenic
endergenic requires the input of energy
exergenic releases energy
what is a biological macromolecule
a large molecule composed of a large number of repeating subunits- polymers
what are the exceptions to the rule of long chains being the only biological macromolecule
glycerol and fatty acids
how are carbohydrates used
as an energy source, building materials, cell surface markers
what are carbohydrates composed of
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen- in an 1:2:1 ratio
what does monosaccharides stand for
mono:one
Saccharides: sugar
what is a monosaccharide and how do you tell them apart
a single chain of carbon atoms to which hydroxyl groups are attached
distinguished by the cabonyl group they have and number of atoms in backbone
what are polysaccharides
they are composed of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides held together by glycosidic bones
what are lipids used for
energy storage (high C-H ratio) (store 2x as much as carbs per gram)
insulation
cushioning and padding
what are the four families of lipids
fats
phospholipids
steroids
waxes
how are triglycerides composed
three fatty acid trails and one glycerol backbones
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats, and which is better for you
saturated fats have all single bonds between carbons and are solid at room temp
unsaturated fats have some double bonds between carbons and are good for you!!
what are phospholipids and how are they composed
theyre the main component of cell membranes
they enable ceullular functions by having a hydrophobic tail and hydrophillic head
how are steroids composed
hydrophobic molecule with 4 fused hydrocrbon rings
what are some examples of steroids
sex hormones- testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
what are proteins
whenever a cell needs to “do something”, it does so with the help of proteins
all chemical reactions in a cell are facilitated by enzymatic proteins
what does an enzyme do (5)
biological protein catalyst provide structural support transport movement-muscle contraction defense against diseases
how many amino acids are there and how many are essential to comsume
20 exist, 8 of those because the body cannot make them
what bonds hold together amino acids
peptide bones, formed by a condensation reaction between an amino group and a carboxyl group of another amino acid
how are van-der-waals forces broken
by heat and acids
denaturation
breaking down the 3 dimensional structure of proteins
what is activation energy
the amount of energy needed to strain and break the reactants bonds
why do bananas turn yellow
I DONT KNOW BUT WE NEED TO FIGURE IT OUT
how to enzymes affect the activation energy
they lower it by bending or stretching chemical bonds
what are the three things that an enzyme do to do its job
-the reactant (substrate) to bind to it
the substrate must bind to the “active site”
one to substrate binds the active site changes a bit to fit the substrate better
1 enzyme + 1 substrate =
enzyme-substrate complex
in terms of oxygen transfer: oxidation is…
the gain of 02
in terms of oxygen transfer: reduction is…
the loss of 02
in terms of oxygen transfer: the oxidizing agent is…
giving oxygen to another substance
in terms of oxygen transfer: the reducing agent is….
removing oxygen from another substance
in terms of hydrogen transfer: oxidation is…
the gain of H
in terms of hydrogen transfer: reduction is
the loss of H
in terms of hydrogen transfer: the oxidizing agent is…
taking an H from another substance
in terms of hydrogen transfer: the reducing agent is…
losing an H from another substance
in terms of electron transfer: oxidation is….
the loss of an electron
in terms of electron transfer: reduction is…
the gain of electrons
in terms of electron transfer: the oxidizing agent is…
taking an electron
in terms of electron transfer: the reducing agent is…
losing an electron
what is a competitive inhibitor
takes the place of the substrate in the active site
what is a non-competitive inhibitor
attaches to allosteric site which makes active site change shape so substrate cannot fit
what is the main function of the plasma membrane
to serve as a boundry between the cell and its environment
what is the plasma membrane made up of
protein and phospholipids
what does being partially permeable mean
it permits certain substances to pass through it at different rates, some substances cannot get through at all
what is the fluid-mosaic model
the plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, the hydrophobic tail of the phospholipids are directed inwardly, while the hydrophilic heads are directed outwardly
what is a glycoprotein (membrane protein)
it is used as cell identification
(membrane protein) what is a protein channel
controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
(membrane protein) what is a receptor protein
recieves hormone messages
what is osmosis
the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
how do carrier proteins work
the U O n form
transport small ions and polar molecules
they bind to these molecules/ions and transport them across the membrane onto the other side
how do channel proteins work
l l format
they are specifi channels through the cell membrane
depending on their structure, certain particles can/can’t travel through
some open and close with gates, and others are open all the time
what is an isotonic solution
[solute outside cell] = [solute inside cell]
what is a hypertonic solution
[solute outside cell] > [solute inside cell]
what is a hypotonic solution
[solute outside cell] < [solute inside cell]
what is a concentration gradient
the difference in number of molecules or ions of a substance between adjoining regions
- essentially the initial ratio or numbers (decides which had high conc and low)
what is diffusion
the movement of molecules from an area of higher conc to an area of lower conc
what is passivle transport
the movement of materials across a cell membrane without the use of energy from the cell
what is active transport
moving materials across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient
what is primary active transport
pumping uneven charges in opposite directions (in and out of cell) to create a negative charge within the cell,
resulting in an electrochemical gradient
what is secondary active transport
- indirect use of ATP to move large molecules into the cell
- potential energy stored in the electrochemical gradient is released when the charges reach equilibrium
- imagine that glucose needs a buddy to help it travel inside the cell and so sodium goes with it, and then leaves by itself using the electrochemical gradient
what is membrane assisted transport
a transport method used to move materials that are too large to cross the cell membrane through a channel of carrier proteins
-requires energy
what is endocytosis
cell engulfs material by folding the cell membrane around it and then pinching off to form a vesicle inside the cell
what is phagocytosis
solid particles (a part of endocytosis)
what is pinocytosis
liquid particles (part of endocytosis)
what is receptor-mediated endocytosis
binds with specific molecules (part if endocytosis)
what is exocytosis
cell products that are released into extracellular environment (outside world)
-think pimple popping but only one cell
what is the function of the nucleolus
contains RNA and proteins
what is the function of the nuclear pore
openings in the nuclear envelope
what is the function of the nuclear envelope
double membrane surrounding the nucleus
what is the function of the rough ER
produce proteins for the rest of the cell
has ribosomes on them
what is the function of the soft ER
make cellular products like hormones or lipids
what is the function of the ribosomes
composed of RNA and proteins
responsible for the synthesis of polypeptides
what is the function of the chromatin
unfolded state of chromosomes
what is the function of the mitochondrion
powerhouse of the cell
supplies ATP
what is the function of the cell membrane
separates outside of cell from inside
what is the function of the cytoplasm
inside the cell membrane and includes every other organelle
what is the function of the golgi apparatus
post office of the cell
what is the function of the lisomes
contains enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions
what is the function of the peroxisome
contains enzymes that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxides
what is the function of the vesicle
sac used for transport and storage
what is the function of the cell wall
rigid layer outside of cell
what is the function of the chloroplast
helps with photosynthesis
what are the first four substances in the krebs cycle
acetly CoA
oxoloacetate
citrate
isocitrate
