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Grade 12 bio > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell

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2
Q

What are the two main metabolic changes

A

Making molecules bigger and smaller

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3
Q

What is anabolism

A

the assembly of molecules to create larger molecules

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4
Q

what is catabolism

A

disassembly of large molecules into smaller molecules

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5
Q

what is entropy

A

the measure of randomness or disorder and energy

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6
Q

what does high entropy mean, what does low entropy mean

A

high entropy- high disorder- low energy

low entropy- low disorder- high energy

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7
Q

does the universe like disorder or order and why

A

universe likes disorder because it takes less energy (easy to make a room messy but harder to clean it all up afterwards)

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8
Q

endergenic vs exergenic

A

endergenic requires the input of energy

exergenic releases energy

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9
Q

what is a biological macromolecule

A

a large molecule composed of a large number of repeating subunits- polymers

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10
Q

what are the exceptions to the rule of long chains being the only biological macromolecule

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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11
Q

how are carbohydrates used

A

as an energy source, building materials, cell surface markers

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12
Q

what are carbohydrates composed of

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen- in an 1:2:1 ratio

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13
Q

what does monosaccharides stand for

A

mono:one
Saccharides: sugar

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14
Q

what is a monosaccharide and how do you tell them apart

A

a single chain of carbon atoms to which hydroxyl groups are attached
distinguished by the cabonyl group they have and number of atoms in backbone

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15
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

they are composed of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides held together by glycosidic bones

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16
Q

what are lipids used for

A

energy storage (high C-H ratio) (store 2x as much as carbs per gram)
insulation
cushioning and padding

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17
Q

what are the four families of lipids

A

fats
phospholipids
steroids
waxes

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18
Q

how are triglycerides composed

A

three fatty acid trails and one glycerol backbones

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19
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats, and which is better for you

A

saturated fats have all single bonds between carbons and are solid at room temp
unsaturated fats have some double bonds between carbons and are good for you!!

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20
Q

what are phospholipids and how are they composed

A

theyre the main component of cell membranes

they enable ceullular functions by having a hydrophobic tail and hydrophillic head

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21
Q

how are steroids composed

A

hydrophobic molecule with 4 fused hydrocrbon rings

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22
Q

what are some examples of steroids

A

sex hormones- testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

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23
Q

what are proteins

A

whenever a cell needs to “do something”, it does so with the help of proteins
all chemical reactions in a cell are facilitated by enzymatic proteins

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24
Q

what does an enzyme do (5)

A 
biological protein catalyst
provide structural support
transport
movement-muscle contraction
defense against diseases
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25
how many amino acids are there and how many are essential to comsume
20 exist, 8 of those because the body cannot make them
26
what bonds hold together amino acids
peptide bones, formed by a condensation reaction between an amino group and a carboxyl group of another amino acid
27
how are van-der-waals forces broken
by heat and acids
28
denaturation
breaking down the 3 dimensional structure of proteins
29
what is activation energy
the amount of energy needed to strain and break the reactants bonds
30
why do bananas turn yellow
I DONT KNOW BUT WE NEED TO FIGURE IT OUT
31
how to enzymes affect the activation energy
they lower it by bending or stretching chemical bonds
32
what are the three things that an enzyme do to do its job
-the reactant (substrate) to bind to it the substrate must bind to the "active site" one to substrate binds the active site changes a bit to fit the substrate better
33
1 enzyme + 1 substrate =
enzyme-substrate complex
34
in terms of oxygen transfer: oxidation is...
the gain of 02
35
in terms of oxygen transfer: reduction is...
the loss of 02
36
in terms of oxygen transfer: the oxidizing agent is...
giving oxygen to another substance
37
in terms of oxygen transfer: the reducing agent is....
removing oxygen from another substance
38
in terms of hydrogen transfer: oxidation is...
the gain of H
39
in terms of hydrogen transfer: reduction is
the loss of H
40
in terms of hydrogen transfer: the oxidizing agent is...
taking an H from another substance
41
in terms of hydrogen transfer: the reducing agent is...
losing an H from another substance
42
in terms of electron transfer: oxidation is....
the loss of an electron
43
in terms of electron transfer: reduction is...
the gain of electrons
44
in terms of electron transfer: the oxidizing agent is...
taking an electron
45
in terms of electron transfer: the reducing agent is...
losing an electron
46
what is a competitive inhibitor
takes the place of the substrate in the active site
47
what is a non-competitive inhibitor
attaches to allosteric site which makes active site change shape so substrate cannot fit
48
what is the main function of the plasma membrane
to serve as a boundry between the cell and its environment
49
what is the plasma membrane made up of
protein and phospholipids
50
what does being partially permeable mean
it permits certain substances to pass through it at different rates, some substances cannot get through at all
51
what is the fluid-mosaic model
the plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, the hydrophobic tail of the phospholipids are directed inwardly, while the hydrophilic heads are directed outwardly
52
what is a glycoprotein (membrane protein)
it is used as cell identification
53
(membrane protein) what is a protein channel
controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell
54
(membrane protein) what is a receptor protein
recieves hormone messages
55
what is osmosis
the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
56
how do carrier proteins work
the U O n form transport small ions and polar molecules they bind to these molecules/ions and transport them across the membrane onto the other side
57
how do channel proteins work
l l format they are specifi channels through the cell membrane depending on their structure, certain particles can/can't travel through some open and close with gates, and others are open all the time
58
what is an isotonic solution
[solute outside cell] = [solute inside cell]
59
what is a hypertonic solution
[solute outside cell] > [solute inside cell]
60
what is a hypotonic solution
[solute outside cell] < [solute inside cell]
61
what is a concentration gradient
the difference in number of molecules or ions of a substance between adjoining regions - essentially the initial ratio or numbers (decides which had high conc and low)
62
what is diffusion
the movement of molecules from an area of higher conc to an area of lower conc
63
what is passivle transport
the movement of materials across a cell membrane without the use of energy from the cell
64
what is active transport
moving materials across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient
65
what is primary active transport
pumping uneven charges in opposite directions (in and out of cell) to create a negative charge within the cell, resulting in an electrochemical gradient
66
what is secondary active transport
- indirect use of ATP to move large molecules into the cell - potential energy stored in the electrochemical gradient is released when the charges reach equilibrium - imagine that glucose needs a buddy to help it travel inside the cell and so sodium goes with it, and then leaves by itself using the electrochemical gradient
67
what is membrane assisted transport
a transport method used to move materials that are too large to cross the cell membrane through a channel of carrier proteins -requires energy
68
what is endocytosis
cell engulfs material by folding the cell membrane around it and then pinching off to form a vesicle inside the cell
69
what is phagocytosis
solid particles (a part of endocytosis)
70
what is pinocytosis
liquid particles (part of endocytosis)
71
what is receptor-mediated endocytosis
binds with specific molecules (part if endocytosis)
72
what is exocytosis
cell products that are released into extracellular environment (outside world) -think pimple popping but only one cell
73
what is the function of the nucleolus
contains RNA and proteins
74
what is the function of the nuclear pore
openings in the nuclear envelope
75
what is the function of the nuclear envelope
double membrane surrounding the nucleus
76
what is the function of the rough ER
produce proteins for the rest of the cell | has ribosomes on them
77
what is the function of the soft ER
make cellular products like hormones or lipids
78
what is the function of the ribosomes
composed of RNA and proteins | responsible for the synthesis of polypeptides
79
what is the function of the chromatin
unfolded state of chromosomes
80
what is the function of the mitochondrion
powerhouse of the cell | supplies ATP
81
what is the function of the cell membrane
separates outside of cell from inside
82
what is the function of the cytoplasm
inside the cell membrane and includes every other organelle
83
what is the function of the golgi apparatus
post office of the cell
84
what is the function of the lisomes
contains enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions
85
what is the function of the peroxisome
contains enzymes that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxides
86
what is the function of the vesicle
sac used for transport and storage
87
what is the function of the cell wall
rigid layer outside of cell
88
what is the function of the chloroplast
helps with photosynthesis
89
what are the first four substances in the krebs cycle
acetly CoA oxoloacetate citrate isocitrate

Grade 12 bio (7 decks)

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