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Grade 12 bio > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions in a cell

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2
Q

What are the two main metabolic changes

A

Making molecules bigger and smaller

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3
Q

What is anabolism

A

the assembly of molecules to create larger molecules

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4
Q

what is catabolism

A

disassembly of large molecules into smaller molecules

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5
Q

what is entropy

A

the measure of randomness or disorder and energy

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6
Q

what does high entropy mean, what does low entropy mean

A

high entropy- high disorder- low energy

low entropy- low disorder- high energy

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7
Q

does the universe like disorder or order and why

A

universe likes disorder because it takes less energy (easy to make a room messy but harder to clean it all up afterwards)

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8
Q

endergenic vs exergenic

A

endergenic requires the input of energy

exergenic releases energy

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9
Q

what is a biological macromolecule

A

a large molecule composed of a large number of repeating subunits- polymers

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10
Q

what are the exceptions to the rule of long chains being the only biological macromolecule

A

glycerol and fatty acids

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11
Q

how are carbohydrates used

A

as an energy source, building materials, cell surface markers

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12
Q

what are carbohydrates composed of

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen- in an 1:2:1 ratio

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13
Q

what does monosaccharides stand for

A

mono:one
Saccharides: sugar

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14
Q

what is a monosaccharide and how do you tell them apart

A

a single chain of carbon atoms to which hydroxyl groups are attached
distinguished by the cabonyl group they have and number of atoms in backbone

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15
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

they are composed of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides held together by glycosidic bones

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16
Q

what are lipids used for

A

energy storage (high C-H ratio) (store 2x as much as carbs per gram)
insulation
cushioning and padding

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17
Q

what are the four families of lipids

A

fats
phospholipids
steroids
waxes

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18
Q

how are triglycerides composed

A

three fatty acid trails and one glycerol backbones

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19
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats, and which is better for you

A

saturated fats have all single bonds between carbons and are solid at room temp
unsaturated fats have some double bonds between carbons and are good for you!!

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20
Q

what are phospholipids and how are they composed

A

theyre the main component of cell membranes

they enable ceullular functions by having a hydrophobic tail and hydrophillic head

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21
Q

how are steroids composed

A

hydrophobic molecule with 4 fused hydrocrbon rings

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22
Q

what are some examples of steroids

A

sex hormones- testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

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23
Q

what are proteins

A

whenever a cell needs to “do something”, it does so with the help of proteins
all chemical reactions in a cell are facilitated by enzymatic proteins

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24
Q

what does an enzyme do (5)

A 
biological protein catalyst
provide structural support
transport
movement-muscle contraction
defense against diseases
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25
Q

how many amino acids are there and how many are essential to comsume

A

20 exist, 8 of those because the body cannot make them

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26
Q

what bonds hold together amino acids

A

peptide bones, formed by a condensation reaction between an amino group and a carboxyl group of another amino acid

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27
Q

how are van-der-waals forces broken

A

by heat and acids

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28
Q

denaturation

A

breaking down the 3 dimensional structure of proteins

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29
Q

what is activation energy

A

the amount of energy needed to strain and break the reactants bonds

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30
Q

why do bananas turn yellow

A

I DONT KNOW BUT WE NEED TO FIGURE IT OUT

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31
Q

how to enzymes affect the activation energy

A

they lower it by bending or stretching chemical bonds

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32
Q

what are the three things that an enzyme do to do its job

A

-the reactant (substrate) to bind to it
the substrate must bind to the “active site”
one to substrate binds the active site changes a bit to fit the substrate better

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33
Q

1 enzyme + 1 substrate =

A

enzyme-substrate complex

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34
Q

in terms of oxygen transfer: oxidation is…

A

the gain of 02

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35
Q

in terms of oxygen transfer: reduction is…

A

the loss of 02

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36
Q

in terms of oxygen transfer: the oxidizing agent is…

A

giving oxygen to another substance

37
Q

in terms of oxygen transfer: the reducing agent is….

A

removing oxygen from another substance

38
Q

in terms of hydrogen transfer: oxidation is…

A

the gain of H

39
Q

in terms of hydrogen transfer: reduction is

A

the loss of H

40
Q

in terms of hydrogen transfer: the oxidizing agent is…

A

taking an H from another substance

41
Q

in terms of hydrogen transfer: the reducing agent is…

A

losing an H from another substance

42
Q

in terms of electron transfer: oxidation is….

A

the loss of an electron

43
Q

in terms of electron transfer: reduction is…

A

the gain of electrons

44
Q

in terms of electron transfer: the oxidizing agent is…

A

taking an electron

45
Q

in terms of electron transfer: the reducing agent is…

A

losing an electron

46
Q

what is a competitive inhibitor

A

takes the place of the substrate in the active site

47
Q

what is a non-competitive inhibitor

A

attaches to allosteric site which makes active site change shape so substrate cannot fit

48
Q

what is the main function of the plasma membrane

A

to serve as a boundry between the cell and its environment

49
Q

what is the plasma membrane made up of

A

protein and phospholipids

50
Q

what does being partially permeable mean

A

it permits certain substances to pass through it at different rates, some substances cannot get through at all

51
Q

what is the fluid-mosaic model

A

the plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, the hydrophobic tail of the phospholipids are directed inwardly, while the hydrophilic heads are directed outwardly

52
Q

what is a glycoprotein (membrane protein)

A

it is used as cell identification

53
Q

(membrane protein) what is a protein channel

A

controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

54
Q

(membrane protein) what is a receptor protein

A

recieves hormone messages

55
Q

what is osmosis

A

the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

56
Q

how do carrier proteins work

A

the U O n form
transport small ions and polar molecules
they bind to these molecules/ions and transport them across the membrane onto the other side

57
Q

how do channel proteins work

A

l l format
they are specifi channels through the cell membrane
depending on their structure, certain particles can/can’t travel through
some open and close with gates, and others are open all the time

58
Q

what is an isotonic solution

A

[solute outside cell] = [solute inside cell]

59
Q

what is a hypertonic solution

A

[solute outside cell] > [solute inside cell]

60
Q

what is a hypotonic solution

A

[solute outside cell] < [solute inside cell]

61
Q

what is a concentration gradient

A

the difference in number of molecules or ions of a substance between adjoining regions
- essentially the initial ratio or numbers (decides which had high conc and low)

62
Q

what is diffusion

A

the movement of molecules from an area of higher conc to an area of lower conc

63
Q

what is passivle transport

A

the movement of materials across a cell membrane without the use of energy from the cell

64
Q

what is active transport

A

moving materials across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient

65
Q

what is primary active transport

A

pumping uneven charges in opposite directions (in and out of cell) to create a negative charge within the cell,
resulting in an electrochemical gradient

66
Q

what is secondary active transport

A
  • indirect use of ATP to move large molecules into the cell
  • potential energy stored in the electrochemical gradient is released when the charges reach equilibrium
  • imagine that glucose needs a buddy to help it travel inside the cell and so sodium goes with it, and then leaves by itself using the electrochemical gradient
67
Q

what is membrane assisted transport

A

a transport method used to move materials that are too large to cross the cell membrane through a channel of carrier proteins
-requires energy

68
Q

what is endocytosis

A

cell engulfs material by folding the cell membrane around it and then pinching off to form a vesicle inside the cell

69
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

solid particles (a part of endocytosis)

70
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

liquid particles (part of endocytosis)

71
Q

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

binds with specific molecules (part if endocytosis)

72
Q

what is exocytosis

A

cell products that are released into extracellular environment (outside world)
-think pimple popping but only one cell

73
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus

A

contains RNA and proteins

74
Q

what is the function of the nuclear pore

A

openings in the nuclear envelope

75
Q

what is the function of the nuclear envelope

A

double membrane surrounding the nucleus

76
Q

what is the function of the rough ER

A

produce proteins for the rest of the cell

has ribosomes on them

77
Q

what is the function of the soft ER

A

make cellular products like hormones or lipids

78
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes

A

composed of RNA and proteins

responsible for the synthesis of polypeptides

79
Q

what is the function of the chromatin

A

unfolded state of chromosomes

80
Q

what is the function of the mitochondrion

A

powerhouse of the cell

supplies ATP

81
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane

A

separates outside of cell from inside

82
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm

A

inside the cell membrane and includes every other organelle

83
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

post office of the cell

84
Q

what is the function of the lisomes

A

contains enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions

85
Q

what is the function of the peroxisome

A

contains enzymes that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxides

86
Q

what is the function of the vesicle

A

sac used for transport and storage

87
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

rigid layer outside of cell

88
Q

what is the function of the chloroplast

A

helps with photosynthesis

89
Q

what are the first four substances in the krebs cycle

A

acetly CoA
oxoloacetate
citrate
isocitrate

Grade 12 bio (7 decks)

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